Bryopsis

Hamann MT, Scheuer PJ. (1993) Kahalalide F A bioactive depsipeptide from the sacoglossan mollusk Elysia mfescens and the green alga Bryopsis sp. J Am Chem Soc 115 5825-5826. 

Togashi, T., Motomura, T., and Ichimura, T., Gamete dimorphism in Bryopsis plumosa. Phototaxis, gamete motility and pheromonal attraction, Bot. Mar., 41, 257, 1998. 

The Hawaiian sacoglossan Elysia rufescens sequesters the depsipeptide metabolite kahalalide F 184 from its algal diet Bryopsis sp. Both algal and mollusk extracts were deterrent when tested against natural populations of reef fish, as was the peptide metabolite.208 Kahalalide F shows potent cytotoxicity against a range of tumor cell lines.209... 

The structural diversity of molluscan chemistry can be seen in compounds 32-40 in Scheme 6.2 and includes a number that have been included in clinical studies such as the kahalalides and the dolastatins 34 and 37. An example of material exchange from prey to predator can be shown in kahalide F 32, which can be found in both the sea hare Elysia sp. and its diet of Bryopsis sp. algae. In addition, the structural similarity of ulapualide A 23 and that of the compounds mycalolide 21 and halichondramide 22 (Scheme 6.1 Part 3), found in a diverse array of sponges, indicates a possible alternate source for this structure class. 

Kalahalide D (41) has been isolated from the marine mollusk Elysia rufescens and from the alga Bryopsis sp. and identified by analysis of spectroscopic data, chemical degradations, and chiral HPLC, GC, and TEC [65]. 

Inokuchi, R., Itagaki, T., Wiskich, J., Nakayama, K., and Okada, M. (1997). An NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase in the green alga Bryopsis maxima. Purification and properties. Plant Cell Physiol. 38, 327-335. 

Green alga rhizoid, Bryopsis plumosa physiology, MAAs induction 260, 310 [92]... 

M. Iseki, S. Wada (1995). Action spectrum in the ultraviolet region for phototropism of Bryopsis rhizoids. Plant Cell. Physiol., 36, 1033-1040. 

Kahalalide G (79), the linear peptide form of 78, has so far been found to be inactive in all bioassays. To date, 17 kahalalides have been isolated and characterized from Bryopsis sp., but 78 remains the only kahalalide to advance to clinical trials for the possible treatment of lung cancer, other tumors, and AIDS. °... 

The only published information on a microbial involvement in the production of this compound is in a 2005 PCT International Application filed by Hill etal claiming production of Kahalalide F and other derivatives from a Vibrio species isolated from Bryopsis and also E. rufesens, implying that the invertebrate obtains the producing microbe from the alga and then maintains the microbe(s) as symbionts. Thus there is a potential... 

E. The Intrinsic LHCs of the Siphonous Green Algae, Bryopsis and Codium.94... 

Nakayama K and Mimuro M (1994) Chlorophyll forms and excitation energy transfer pathways in hght-harvesting chlorophyU a/b protein complexes isolated from the siphonous green alga, Bryopsis maxima. Biochim Biophys Acta 1184 103-110... 

NakayamaK, ItagakiTandOkadaM (1986) Pigment composition of chlorophyU-protein complexes from the green alga, Bryopsis maxima. Plant CeU Physiol 27 311-317... 

Hamann, M.T. Otto, C.S. Scheuer, P.J. Dunbar, D.C. Kahalalides Bioactive Peptides from a Marine MoIIusk Elysia rufescens and Its Algal Diet Bryopsis sp. J. Org. Chem.1996, 61, 6594-6600. 

Constit. of Navicula torquatunty Bryopsis corticulans and Cryptomonas ovata. Red cryst, (C6H6/MeOH). Mp 199-201 . Xmax 266,416, 440,470 nm. 

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