Bromoxynil

Boron oxide Bioaerosol Bitumen fume Bromotrifluoro methane Bromoxynil Bromoxynil octanoate Butadiene (1,3-butadiene)... 

McBride KE, JW Kenny, DM Stalker (1986) Metabolism of the herbicide bromoxynil by Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies ozaenae. Appl Environ Microbiol 52 325-330. 

Stalker DM, KE McBride (1987) Cloning and expresssion in Escherichia coli of a Klebsiella ozaenae plasmid-borne gene encoding a nitrilase specific for the herbicide Bromoxynil. J Bacterial 169 ... 

Topp E, L Xun, CS Orser (1992) Biodegradation of the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzo-nitrile) by purified pentachlorophenol hydroxylase and whole cells of Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723 is accompanied by cyanogenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 502-506. 

Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans can use ortho-substituted phenols as electron acceptors for anaerobic growth, and is able to debrominate 2,6-dibromo-4-cyanophenol (Bromoxynil) and 2,6-dibromo-4-carboxyphenol. In contrast, 2,6-diiodo-4-cyanophenol (loxynil) was deiodinated only in the presence of 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate (Cupples et al. 2005). 

Cupples AM, RA Sanford, GK Sims (2005) Dehalogenation of the herbicides Bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) and loxynil (3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) by Desulfitobacterium chloro-respirans. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 3741-3746. 

In those cases where the total residue in not represented by a single marker compound, a more complex residue definition is necessary. The hydrolytically unstable ester of bromoxynil octanoate is presented as an example here (Table 1). 

Here two components, the free phenol and the intact ester, are included in the residue definition. Usually, analytical methods for the determination of bromoxynil and its octanoate begin with hydrolysis during maceration of the sample. If those methods are validated, the sole fortification of the octanoate is sufficient. However, in other existing methods, hydrolysis follows a separate extraction step. In that case, the chosen solvent must be able to extract both compounds with equal efficiency. 

Tolerance to the herbicide bromoxynil, resistance to certain lepidopteran insects... 

Restricted access phases are another approach to exploiting the differences in characteristics of analytes. Large analytes are excluded from an internal surface on which an adsorptive stationary phase is present. A herbicide analysis for Metsulfuron methyl, Bentazone, Bromoxynil, methylchlorophenoxy acid, and Mecoprop in the presence of humic acid was performed on restricted access reversed phase media.52 The cytostatic compound epirubicin and its metabolites were separated from plasma using a Pinkerton GFF II column.53 Gradient separations of polymers on reversed phase and on normal phase represent an alternative to gel permeation chromatography. Polyesters of noncrystalline materials were separated on a variety of such phases.54... 

Similarly, the selective herbicides, bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) and ioxynil (3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) are degraded by soil bacteria to their corresponding amide products 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide (BrAM) and 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzamide (IAM) but are not further degraded to the corresponding acids. The identification of amidases or nitrilases able to effect these transformations, in a soil bacterium, would be of value as a bioremediation agent [48],... 

Nielsen, M.K.K., Holtze, M.S., Svensmark, B. and Juhler, R. (2007) Demonstrating formation of potentially persistent transformation products from the herbicides bromoxynil and ioxynil using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Pest Management Science, 63, 141-149. 

Two different approaches have been used to determine phenols without derivatization. In the first, the corresponding oxalate esters were synthesized in the traditional way (i.e., using oxalyl chloride and triethylamine) [111, 112]. Pen-tachlorophenol, 1-naphthol, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, and /t-cyanophenol were treated this way, after which the POCL resulting from their reaction was measured in a static system. The second approach exploits the oxidation reaction between imidazole and hydroxyl compounds at an alkaline pH, where hydrogen peroxide is formed [113]. Polyphenols, e.g., pyrogallol, pyrocatechol, and dopa-... 

Bromoxylenol blue, 4 362t Bromoxynil, 4 358t 13 315 crop resistance to, 13 360-361 Bromoxynil octanoate, 4 358t 2-(Bromozincio)-3-alkyl-5-bromothiophene, 7 518... 

Recoveries in excess of 80% were achieved for 2,4-D, Dicamba, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, Dichloroprop, Picloram, 2,4,5-T Fenoprop, 2,3,6-TBA, Bromoxynil and Ioxynil (Table 9.22). 

Acid herbicides such as 2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid and other types of herbicides such as Dicamba, Dichloroprop, Picloram, Fenoprop, 2,3,6-TBA, Bromoxynil and Ioxynil are widely used in agriculture and are often formulated as mixtures. They may also be mixed in the spray tank or used in sequence, so it is likely that residues of more than one of these compounds may be present in the soil. 

Smith and Fitzpatrick [252] have also described a thin layer method for the detection in water and soil of herbicide residues, including Atrazine, Barban, Diuron, Linuron, Monuron, Simazine, Trifluralin, Bromoxynil, Dalapon, Dicamba, MCPB, Mecoprop, Dicloram, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, Dichloroprop, 2,4,5-T, and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid. 

Klebsiella pneumoniae uses Bromoxynil as a nitrogen source, but it does so only after converting the nitrite to NH3, which is then assimilated. 

Bromo-l-propyne, see Propyne Bromoxynil, see Bromoxvnil octanoate y-BTC, see Eindane... 

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