Bromine economic importance

A compound that includes an aminopyrimidine ring as well as the quaternary salt present in thiamine shows preferential inhibition of absorption of that co-factor by coccidia parasites over uptake by vertebrates. The compound is thus used in poultry where coccidiosis is an economically important disease. Condensation of ethoxymethylenemalononitrile (42-1) with the amidine (42-2) leads to the aminopyrimidine (42-4), probably via the intermediate addition-elimination intermediate (42-3). The nitrile group is then reduced to the methylamino derivative (42-5) by means of hthium aluminum hydride. Exhaustive methylation, for example by reaction with formaldehyde and formic acid, followed by methyl iodide leads to the quaternary methiodide (42-6). The quaternary salt is then displaced by bromine, and the resulting benzyhc-like cylic halide (42-7) is displaced by 2-picoline (42-8). There is thus obtained amprolium (42-9) [43]. 

Halides are compounds that include one of the halogen elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The simplest halides are combinations of one element, such as sodium (Na), with a halogen element, such as chlorine (Cl). Complex halides combine two or more elements with a halogen, and some contain water. Some halides are economically important minerals, such as halite (common salt), fluorite (fluorine), and chlorargyrite (silver ore). 

A company produced bromine in Arkansas and brominated compounds in New Jersey. A risk assessment resulted in a recommendation to consider the transfer of the bromination processes to the bromine production site in Arkansas. Economics and the decrease in risk justified such a transfer and it was done. Although safety was not the only consideration, it was an important factor in this decision. 

There are many natural sources of chlorine compounds, which is not surprising considering that it is the 20th most abundant element. Salt and salt water are widely available the Great Salt Lake contains 23% salt, and the Dead Sea contains about 30%. Because salt is so abundant, most minerals that contain chlorine are not important sources for economic reasons. Bromine is found in some salt brines and in the sea, as are some iodine compounds. 

The world s oceans hold 1.37x10 of water (97.2% of the total amount of water of the hydrosphere). They cover 71% of the earth s surface, are actually the biggest reservoir on our planet, and contain many important minerals. The overall content of mineral matter in the oceans is estimated to be about 5 x 10 tons [1,2]. The seas contain virtually all of the naturally occurring elements and are the only universal source of mineral wealth that is available to most nations. For some of them it is the only source. Yet, most of the elements, the microelements, are available in very low concentrations, i.e., in parts per billion (ppb). The products being extracted from seawater with economic profit at present are sodium chloride, magnesium compounds, and bromine [2-4]. During the last two decades there has been growing interest in the possibility of commercial recovery of additional minerals from seawater [5] and brines [6]. 

These are mainly chlorinated or brominated compounds. Economically they have been the most important but, under strong pressure from environmental lobbies, use of chlorine as a flame-retardant component has been sharply reduced and the attack has now turned to bromine flame-retardant compounds. These are more numerous than chlorinated, because their efficiency is significantly better due to the fact that bromine is heavier than chlorine and decomposition products are less volatile at high temperatures. 

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