Brine monitoring

Brine Monitoring. The sodium chloride concentration in the brine is determined by density measured by equipment involving radioactive isotopes, vibration techniques, hydrometry, or weighing. 

Deep well injection Partial removal from Oil field brines low toxicity, Monitoring difficulty... 

Portland cement is susceptible to corrosion by CO2 and H2S. The chemical attack by CO2 is called carbonation. A microsample technique has been developed to study the CO2 corrosion in cements, because the corrosion is difficult to monitor with common test procedures [264]. This technique is also advantageous as an accelerated testing method. A polymer-modified cement has been tested in field studies [694]. The addition of silica also improves chemical resistance [146], in particular brine corrosion. 

Daley T.M., Solbau R.D., et al. Continuous active-source seismic monitoring of C02 injection in a brine aquifer. 2007 Geophysics 72 A57-A61. 

Each filter has demonstrated the capacity to filter the full brine flow of 195 m3 h 1. The pressure drop through the filter medium is measured and monitored continuously. Typically, it is nearly constant over a 2-h filtration at 195 m3 h 1. Back-pulse cleaning restores the initial pressure drop from cycle to cycle, with only a slow increase over time. After 12 months running time, the initial pressure drop at the beginning of the filter cycle had increased by 0.6 bar. The filter membranes were chemically cleaned with 5 % hydrochloric acid. After a cleaning time of 2 h the filter was started again and the pressure drop was less than 0.1 bar greater than that of new filter socks. 

Since the installation of the retrofit, the brine quality has been monitored using different types of analysis (MS, ICP, EDX, etc.). The filtration efficiency of the GORE-TEX membranes has always met the Bayer specifications, which are significantly less than 100 ppb iron and aluminium. The filter membranes were put into operation in August 1998 and continue in service at this time. 

Method A NH3 is bubbled at 10 ml/min through a solution of haloarene (10 mmol) and TBA-Br (0.32 g, 1 mmol) in PhMe (5 ml) at room temperature and the reaction is monitored by GLC. After ca. 24 h, H20 (10 ml) and CH2C12 (10 ml) are added and the organic phase is separated, washed well with brine and H20, dried (MgS04), and evaporated to yield the aminoarene. 

Methanolic MeONa (3M, 0.12 ml) is added to the V-benzylquininium or quinidinium chloride (0.162 g, 0.36 mmol) in dry THF (2 ml) at room temperature. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 10 min and the Meldrum s acid derivative (0.3 mmol) in dry PhMe (13 ml) is added at -50°C. The course of the reaction is monitored by GLC. On completion, the mixture is stirred for a further 15 min at -50°C and aqueous itric acid (3%, 30 ml) is added. The aqueous phase is separated, and extracted with Et20 (3 x 20 ml). The combined extracts are washed with brine (20 ml) and dried (Na2S04). Evaporation of the Et20 under reduced pressure gives the monomethyl malonic ester. 

Consumption of the a,/ -unsaturated ketone was monitored by GC. When the reaction was complete, the Schlenk tube was opened and water (1 mL) was added. The resulting solution was diluted with diethyl ether, washed once with water and once with brine, and back-extracted with diethyl ether. 

The precipitation sequence presented in Figure 17.1 is a function of temperature and the extent to which equilibriiun is maintained with the increasingly saltier brine. Each of these precipitations alters the ion ratios in the remaining seawater. Since the rule of constant proportions is violated, density, rather than salinity, is used to monitor the increasing saltiness of the brine. 

Biological fouling was monitored using the customary indicators of RO performance, including flux (productivity), salt passage, and bundle pressure drops (AP). In addition, the total bacteria count (TBC) of the RO feed water and the reject brine stream were also obtained using the membrane filtration method (Ref. 6). The increase in TBC between the feed and reject portions of the system had been found in the preliminary stages of... 

With telluronium salt (d) (typical procedure) A solntxon of n-BuLi (1.5 mmol) in hexane is added to a solution of the telluronium salt (0.65 g, 1.5 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) at -78°C under N2. After 30 min, a solution of p-chlorobenzaldehyde (0.168 g, 1.2 mmol) in THF (2 mL) is added dropwise at -78°C and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm at room temperature. After the reaction is complete (monitored by TLC), H2O (1 mL) is added and the solution is stirred for another 1 h. The mixture is then extracted with ether (3x5 mL). The combined extracts are washed with brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography on an SiOj column gives l-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-l-ol (0.265 g (87%) (98% GC purity)). 

To a soln of Boc-Gly-NH2 (17.4 g, 100 mmol) in DME (400 mL) was added Lawesson s reagent (30 g, 75 mmol) and the reaction was allowed to proceed at rt until consumption of Boc-Gly-NH2 as monitored by TLC (CHCl3/MeOH 9 1). The solvent was removed and the residue was washed in EtOAc with 10% aq NaHCO> The aqueous phase was reextracted with H20 (2 x), the combined organic phases were washed with brine, and dried. The solvent was removed and the residue recrystallized (EtOAc/hexane) yield 17 g (89%). 

A spectroelectrochemical sensor has been developed for the bromide monitoring in industrial brine samples [154]. The bromide is oxidized to bromine and a sensitive colorimetric reaction with chloramine-T is employed for detection with a fiber-optic device. 

A solution of 1 equiv of (S)- or (/ )-2-methoxymetliyl-1-[(2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxan-5-ylidene)amino]pyrro-lidine in THF (4 mL/mmol) is cooled to — 78 °C. 1.1 Equiv of tert-butyllithium in hexane (1.7 M) are added dropwise and the mixture is stirred for 2 h at — 78 °C. The solution of the metalated hydrazone is cooled to — 100 CC, 1.2 equiv of the alkyl halide (neat or as a solution in anhyd THF) are added dropwise, and the mixture is stirred for 1 h at —100 °C and then warmed slowly to r.t. (about 15 h). Finally, diethyl ether (30 mL/mmol) is added and the mixture is washed with pH 7 buffer (3 mL/mmol) and two 3-mL portions of brine, dried over MgSO and evaporated under reduced pressure. The Crude product is heated to 50 C for a short time if necessary (about 15 min for isomerization from the Z- to the L-isotiler monitored by TLC) and purified by silica gel column chromatography (diethyl ether/ pentane, 1 1 -2 5 Rf - > RfZ-iso-mer) to give a colorless or pale yellow product. See Table 2 for physical data. 

A solution of 5 mmol of the hydrazone in 5 mL of methanol is added dropwise to 6 mmol of magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate suspended in 40 mL of a mixture of methanol and pH 7 phosphate buffer solution (1 1) at 0°C. The reaction mixture is stirred at 0"C until the hydrazone has completely reacted (monitored by TLC). 150mL of diethyl ether and 10 mL of water are added, and the organic layer is separated and washed with lOmL of sat. aq NaHC03,10 mL of water and 10 mL of brine. The ethereal solution is dried over MgS04 and concentrated at reduced pressure. The crude product is purified by Kugelrohr distillation or flash chromatography to afford the alkylated ketones in 76 99% yield without any racemization. 

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