Brief Description

3 Solid-State and Viscous Sintering 5.3.1 Brief Description 

As an indoor activity, the range of environmental conditions in a contemporary control room setting is limited in extent and magnitude. In the majority of cases, the ergonomic design of these conditions is concerned with a range of more subtle and insidious phenomena such as, for example, the negative impacts of noise from 

comfortable, and effective control room enviromnents rely on the careful manipulation of the following key variables  

Ambient temperature Ambient light Ambient noise Air quality Vibration Aesthetics 

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A brief description of probe types and their characteristics would be appropriate Absolute Probes... 

The resistance to nucleation is associated with the surface energy of forming small clusters. Once beyond a critical size, the growth proceeds with the considerable driving force due to the supersaturation or subcooling. It is the definition of this critical nucleus size that has consumed much theoretical and experimental research. We present a brief description of the classic nucleation theory along with some examples of crystal nucleation and growth studies. 

This section begins with a brief description of the basic light-molecule interaction. As already indicated, coherent light pulses excite coherent superpositions of molecular eigenstates, known as wavepackets , and we will give a description of their motion, their coherence properties, and their interplay with the light. Then we will turn to linear and nonlinear spectroscopy, and, finally, to a brief account of coherent control of molecular motion. 

Below are brief descriptions of some of the particle-surface interactions important in surface science. The descriptions are intended to provide a basic understanding of how surfaces are probed, as most of the infonuation that we have about surfaces was obtained tluough the use of techniques that are based on such interactions. The section is divided into some general categories, and the important physics of the interactions used for analysis are emphasized. All of these teclmiques are described in greater detail in subsequent sections of the encyclopaedia. Also, note that there are many more teclmiques than just those discussed here. These particular teclmiques were chosen not to be comprehensive, but instead to illustrate the kind of infonuation that can be obtained from surfaces and interfaces. 

Brief description of new possibilities for surface investigations with higlily brilliant synchrotron x-ray sources. 

A brief description of a low-density non-equilibrium plasma is given followed by a review of its characteristic features and of tire relevant collisionprocesses in tire plasma. Principles for tire generation of plasmas in teclmical devices are discussed and examples of important plasma chemical processes and tlieir technical applications are presented. 

The vibrational states of a molecule are observed experimentally via infrared and Raman spectroscopy. These techniques can help to determine molecular structure and environment. In order to gain such useful information, it is necessary to determine what vibrational motion corresponds to each peak in the spectrum. This assignment can be quite difficult due to the large number of closely spaced peaks possible even in fairly simple molecules. In order to aid in this assignment, many workers use computer simulations to calculate the vibrational frequencies of molecules. This chapter presents a brief description of the various computational techniques available. 

The following experiments may he used to introduce the statistical analysis of data in the analytical chemistry laboratory. Each experiment is annotated with a brief description of the data collected and the type of statistical analysis used in evaluating the data. 

The following experiments introduce students to the importance of sample preparation and methods for extracting analytes from their matrix. Each experiment includes a brief description of the sample and analyte, as well as the method of analysis used to measure the analyte s concentration. 

The following experiments may he used to illustrate the application of titrimetry to quantitative, qtmlitative, or characterization problems. Experiments are grouped into four categories based on the type of reaction (acid-base, complexation, redox, and precipitation). A brief description is included with each experiment providing details such as the type of sample analyzed, the method for locating end points, or the analysis of data. Additional experiments emphasizing potentiometric electrodes are found in Chapter 11. 

The following experiments may he used to illustrate the application of kinetic methods of analysis. Experiments are divided into two groups those based on chemical kinetics and those using flow injection analysis. Each suggested experiment includes a brief description. 

This chapter provides brief descriptions of analyzer layouts for three hybrid instruments. More extensive treatments of sector/TOF (AutoSpec-TOF), liquid chromatography/TOF (LCT or LC/TOF with Z-spray), and quadrupole/TOF (Q/TOF), are provided in Chapters 23, 22, and 21, respectively. 

A brief description of this hybrid system appears in Chapter 20. For further information on the quadrupole or TOF instruments, see Chapters 25 and 26, Quadrupole Ion Optics and Time-of-Flight Ion Optics. ... 

Charge coupled device (CCD) defectors are being used increasingly in fhe visible and ulfraviolef regions. Af presenf fhese are very expensive buf 1 have anticipated fheir increasing importance by including a brief description in Chapfer 3. 

The first industrial hardboard was developed by W. Mason in the mid-1920s he found that a mat of wet fiber pressed in a hot press would produce a self-bonded flat panel with good strength, durabiUty, and stabiUty. The product was patented in 1928, trademarked as Masonite, and commercial production began. Over time several other processes for producing hardboards have been developed from modifications of the original process. Brief descriptions of these processes foUow and a flow chart of the process is shown in Figure 5. 

Tlie patent should also provide a brief description of any drawings or figures, P. This brief description is often given in the techmeal terms used by engineering draftsmen to explain the various views illustrated in the figures. 

The Platinum Group Metal Reviews is a specialized review series focusiag on the new developments and uses of PGMs. Each issue also provides a brief description of recent patents issued ia the field. 

Alkyd resins are usually referred to by a brief description based on certain classification schemes. Erom the classification the general properties of the resin become immediately apparent. Classification is based on the nature of the fatty acid and oil length. 

Single-ply membranes offer the widest range of systems in the roofing industry. The three basic systems are ballasted, fuUy adhered, and mechanically fastened. From a cost standpoint, the fuUy adhered system is the most expensive to install, the ballasted system the least. The protected-membrane roofing system can be used with any of the basic systems. The specifications for these systems are pubHshed by the various manufacturers. The following gives a brief description of the roof assembhes. 

Polymeric Ma.teria.Is, The single-ply membranes are made from a wide variety of polymers. The following is a brief description of those polymers and their characteristics. There are three thermosetting-type elastomeric membranes as of this writing (1996) neoprene, CSPE, and EPDM. Neoprene is stiU used where oil resistance is needed. Eor instance. Hydrotech uses neoprene flashings, the base of which is hot-set in mbberized asphalt (see ElASTOL RS, SYNTHETIC-POLYCm.OROPRENE). 

Many terms are used to describe the commercial forms of sulfur. The most common of these terms, along with brief descriptions and typical uses or references, are as follows. 

Analysis. Specifications and tests for soluble CN have been adopted by ASTM and are described (48,73—75). Brief descriptions of the most important tests are given here. 

D. E. Anstead, kiM Handbook of Cosmetic Science Pergamon Press, New York, 1963, pp. 101—118. A brief description of colors used ki cosmetics. 

Hnnatto Food Colors Charles Hansen s Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wis. A brief description of what annatto is and how it is used. 

H. T. Gordon, Food Technol 64—66 (May 1972). A brief description of the properties, commercial forms, and uses of P-carotene, P-apo-8 -carotenal, and canthaxanthin. 

Table 12-31 lists three specific applications with a brief description of the furnaces as to design and operating conditions. 

A brief description of the insulating materials in use for different classes of insulation is given below to provide an introduction to the types of materials being used in the preparation of a particular class of insulation. The actual ingredients may be an improvised version of these materials, in view of continuous research and development in this field, to search for still better and more suitable materials. 

These are only brief descriptions of the recommended tests and their procedures on a completed ciipacitor unit. For more details refer to the table of. Standards provided at the end of the chapter. 

To fully understand the formation of the N13S2 scale under certain gas conditions, a brief description needs to be given on the chemical aspects of the protective (chromium oxide) Ci 203/(nickel oxide) NiO scales that form at elevated temperatures. Under ideal oxidizing conditions, the alloy Waspaloy preferentially forms a protective oxide layer of NiO and Ci 203 The partial pressure of oxygen is such that these scales are thermodynamically stable and a condition of equilibrium is observed between the oxidizing atmosphere and the scale. Even if the scale surface is damaged or removed, the oxidizing condition of the atmosphere would preferentially reform the oxide scales. 

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