Bridging force

Dantzig, J.A., Goldman, Y.E., Millar, N.C., Lacktis, J., Homsher, E. (1992). Reversal of the cross-bridge force-generating transition by photogeneration of phosphate in rabbit psoas muscle fibers. J. Physiol. 451,247-278. 

The magnitude of agglomeration forces between powders depends on their surface forces and may involve electrostatic, van der Waals, or liquid-bridge forces which may occur when moisture is present [84]. 

Results from studies using calcium carbonate showed that, relative to dry powder, the effect of conditioning at 55% relative humidity (at 20 °C) increased agglomerate strength threefold, which was attributed to the development of liquid-bridge forces [86]. 

What is the depletion force What is the bridging force ... 

Balance Between Macromolecular Bridging Energy and Electrostatic Repulsive Energy. In the absence of externally applied forces, the net aggregation force per unit cell surface area (difference between the macromolecular bridging force per unit area (electrostatic repulsive force per unit area ([Pg.32]

Bridging forces, arising when a polymer binds to both surfaces, usually lead to an attraction at large separations. Bridging is only effective at low surface coverage. Only then do the polymer segments have a chance to find an adsorption site on the opposite surface. 

H. Huang, E. Ruckenstein The bridging force be-Ween mo plates by polyelectrolyte chains ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE 112 (2004) 37-47. 

Recently, it was noted that the addition of poly(vinyl methyl ether) to a clay-salt-water system induced the contraction of the interlayer separation between the clay platelets [18], The K-butylammonium vermiculite used in those experiments provided an ideal structure of regularly spaced and parallel charged colloidal platelets in a salt solution [19,20], Swenson et al. [21-23] studied the effect of the addition of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) on the distance between the vermiculite layers and observed that, with increasing PEO concentration, the distance between the vermiculite layers decreased. They estimated that the bridging force per bridge was 1.4 pN. 

When the polyelectrolyte chains form bridges between two plates, the plates are pulled towards each other by the chains. If the van der Waals interactions between the segments of the chains and the surfaces are sufficiently strong, the increased polymer concentration in the gap between the plates can significantly affect the bridging force between them. 

A self-consistent field theory was employed by us to calculate the bridging force between two plates immersed in a polyelectrolyte solution, following Borukhov et al. s [11] approach. However, in the calculations, the van der Waals interactions between plates and segments were also taken into account. It was shown that the effect of the latter interactions is important. 

Figure 1 shows the geometry of the triene 619 Fig. 2, for comparison, that of the diene 721 In the case of the [2.2.2]phane the three bridges force a chairshape deformation upon the benzene rings, which show a minimum distance of 2.76 A (C3—C15, C5—Cl 1, C7—Cl 3). In contrast, the average van der Waals distance be-... 

Fig. 6.18 Schematic representation showing how a reduction in the bridging force by interface wear leads to matrix crack growth. The fibers carry the applied load across the matrix cracks, reduing the crack opening displacement and the net stress intensity (Klip) at the tip of matrix cracks. If the interfacial shear stress t decreases during fatigue, then the bridging stress p(x) decreases, leading to a reduction in Kp. This reduction increases Kfy, which can cause the further extension of a matrix crack.

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