Bricks and Tiles

Cements are used mainly for jointing brickworks, drainage gullies, pipes and storage tanks. Portland cement has very poor resistance to acids but good resistance to alkaline liquors. 

High-alumina cement is very quick setting, but its acid resistance is only slightly better than Portland cement, and it is rapidly attacked by alkalis. Super-sulfated cement is used for liquors high in sulfates. It is resistant to acidic conditions down to a pH of 3.5 and has alkali resistance similar to Portland cement [50]. 

Membranes are applied directly to the metal or concrete surface to protect from corrosion by any liquor that penetrates the brick lining through pores and cracks. Membranes consist of sheet material bonded to the metal or concrete, e.g., flexible PVC sheet, or it may be formed in situ (e.g., polyester resin reinforced with glass fiber, or sjmthetic rubber sheet, lead, polyisobutylene, polyethylene and asphalt). 

Brick lining (40-65 mm thick) is used for reducing the temperature at the membrane. This protects the membrane from deteriorating with free access of the process liquors and prevents its erosion and other mechanical damage [51,52]. 

Red and blue acid-resistant bricks are resistant to ail inorganic and organic chemicals, except for hydrofluoric acid and hot concentrated caustic alkalis. Acid-resistant fireclay bricks are used for conditions involving elevating temperatures and corrosive condensates. Highly vitrified materials such as chemical stoneware, porcelain and basalts are used for extremely severe duties or where contamination of the process liquors is undesirable. 

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Roofs are a basic element of shelter from inclement weather. Natural or hewn caves, including those of snow or ice, ate early evidence of human endeavors for protection from the cold, wind, rain, and sun. Nomadic people, before the benefits of agriculture had been discovered and housing schemes developed, depended on the availabiUty of natural materials to constmct shelters. Portable shelters, eg, tents, probably appeared early in history. Later, more permanent stmctures were developed from stone and brick. SaUent features depended strongly on the avadabihty of natural materials. The Babylonians used mud to form bricks and tiles that could be bonded with mortars or natural bitumen. Ancient buildings in Egypt were characterized by massive walls of stone and closely spaced columns that carried stone lintels to support a flat roof, often made of stone slabs. 

Impregnated carbon and grapliite can be used up to I80°C, and porous graphite can be used up to 400°C in oxidizing environments and 3000°C in a reducing atmosphere. Carbon and graphite bricks and tiles are used for... 

British Standard Coda of IVacficf 300 . l.ining ot Vesaetsand lAiiiip fneni for Oieasicai Processes, Pari 0, Brick and Tile. ... 

British Standard Code of Practice C.D. 3 003 Linings of Vessels and Equipment for Chemical Processes. Part 1 Rubber, Part 2 Glass Enamel, Part 3 Lead, Part 4 P.V.C., Part 5 Epoxy Resins, Part 6 Phenolic Resin, Part 7 Corrosion and Heat Resistant Materials, Part 8 Precious Metals, Part 9 Titanium and Part 10 Brick and Tile... 

High-quality bricks and tiles are used for lining vessels, ditches and to cover floors. The linings are usually backed with a corrosion-resistant membrane of rubber or plastic, placed behind the titles, and special acid-resistant cements are used for the joints. Brick and tile linings are covered in a book by Falcke and Lorentz (1985). 

A number of clays are layered silicate-like materials. Most clays contain finely divided quartz, micas, and feldspars. Iron oxide-rich clays are employed to make pottery and terracotta articles. Clays containing iron oxide and sand are used to make bricks and tiles. Clays rich in calcium and magnesium carbonate are known as marls and are used in the cement industry (Section 12.2). 

British Standard Code of Practice 3003 Lining of Vessels and Equipment for Chemical Processes, Part 10 Brick and Tile. ... 

Wiebusch, B. Seyfried, C. F. 1997. Utilization of sewage sludge ashes in the brick and tile industry. Water Science and Technology, 36, 251-258. 

Furan resins are produced by the polymerization of furfural or furfuryl alcohol in the presence of acids (see Figure 15.8). The properties of these dark-colored resins are shown in Table 15.6. Furan resins have a relatively low heat deflection temperature (80 °C) and good mechanical properties. These materials, which are widely used as jointing materials for brick and tile, are characterized by excellent resistance to nonoxidizing acids, alkalis, and salts but are affected by the presence of oxidizing acids such as nitric acid. The furan plastics are also resistant at room temperature to nonpolar solvents, such as benzene, and to polar solvents, such as ethanol. 

Uses. The most important areas of use of pigments are paints, varnishes, plastics, artists colors, printing inks for paper and textiles, leather decoration, building materials (cement, renderings, concrete bricks and tiles—mostly based on iron oxide and chromium oxide pigments), leather imitates, floor coverings, rubber, paper, cosmetics, ceramic glazes, and enamels. 

Brick and tile samples from buildings including the Chapel at St. Maiy s City and sites in Virginia were prepared and analyzed by INAA as part of an earlier study (12). These data have been combined with new results from further geologic sampling at the site. 

Clay sampling for brick and tile studies from St. Maty s County, 368-369 Climatic trends... 

Certain properties of clays were known and exploited in ancient times in particular, clays were used for the fabrication of pottery, bricks and tiles. The chief constituent of china clay (or kaolin) is kaolinite, which is still used on a very large scale in the manufacture of paper and refractories. Ball clay, a line-grained form of kaolinite, contains some mica and quartz and is now favoured for crockery, porcelain and floor tiles. 

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