Smoking breast cancer

Exposure to small doses of cadmium metal or ions can increase the risk of cancers, particularly breast cancer. Smoking doubles the normal natural intake of Cd1... 

In 1981, Lawson et al.,87 for example, compared a group of 210 women hospitalized for fibrocystic disease with 241 women who had breast cancer and were drawn from two ongoing studies in different countries. They matched each case to three female control patients on age, current smoking habits, country, and study. Recent coffee and tea consumption in cases and controls were compared and were shown to have a modest positive association with hot beverage consumption for both fibrocystic disease and breast cancer, but there was no dose-response relationship. The risk of fibrocystic disease associated with heavy consumption of hot beverages (7+ cups per day) vs. none was elevated but not statistically significant. 

Manier J, Johansson R, Lenner P (2004) Smoking is associated wtith post menopausal breast cancer in women with high levels of estrogens. Int J Cancer 112 324-328... 

Stroke is a very uncommon event in childbearing women, occurring in approximately 11 per 100,000 women over a 1-year period of time. Therefore, even a doubling of this risk with oral contraceptive pills would have minimal effect on attributable risk. The estimated risk of myocardial infarction associated with oral contraceptive pill use in nonsmokers is 3 per million women over 1 year. The estimated risk of venous thromboembolism attributable to oral contraceptive pills is less than 3 per 10,000 women per year. However, the risk may be increased in women who smoke or have other predisposing factors to thrombosis or thromboembolism. In fact, it should be emphasized that the risk of serious cardiovascular side effects is particularly marked in women over 35 years of age who are heavy smokers (e.g., more than 15 cigarettes per day). Additionally, the literature suggests that there may be an increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term oral contraceptive pill use in women under the age of 35. However, because the incidence of breast cancer is so relatively low in this population, the attributable risk of breast cancer from birth control pill use is small. 

Ambrosone CB, Freud enheim JL, Graham S, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Brasure JR et al. Cigarette smoking, N acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk. JAMA 1996 276 1494-501. 

Thrombophlebitis was recorded in 45% of patients treated for advanced ovarian cancer who also received intravenous interleukin-3 (14), and deep venous thromboses were reported in children treated with maintenance interleukin-3 for Diamond-Blackfan anemia (15). In addition, one smoking breast-cancer patient developed severe hypotension and cerebellar and superior mesenteric thrombosis after subcutaneous interleukin-3 administration (SEDA-19, 340). Collectively, these case reports suggest that interleukin-3 may contribute to the development of thrombosis, but a possible increased risk of thrombosis with interleukin-3 remains to be demonstrated. 

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993). Mortality trends for selected smoking-related and breast cancer in the United States, 1950-1990. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 857, 863-866. 

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