Breast cancer pathology

Viens P, Penault-Llorca F, Jacquemier J, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for inflammatory breast cancer pathologic response and outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998 21 249-254. 

Wolf, G., Hildenbrand, R., Schwar, C., Grobholz, R., Kaufmann, M., Stutte, H. J., et al. (2000). Polo-like kinase a novel marker of proliferation Correlation with estrogen-receptor expression in human breast cancer. Pathology, Research and Practice, 196, 753-759. 

Umemura, S., Sekido, Y., Itoh, H., and Osamura, RY. 2002. Pathological evaluation of HER2 overexpression for the treatment of metastatic breast cancers by humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (trastuzumab). Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica, Kyoto 35(2), 77-81. 

The goal of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer is cure. Complete pathologic response, determined at the time of surgery, is the desired end point. 

Lactation is a basic period in mammalian reproduction, and the breast, its function, and pathology have a very important place in medicine and society. In developed countries breast cancer is the most important issue, far more important than nonlactational galactorrhea it is frequently related to infertility or unsuccessful breastfeeding and is a major health concern among women. 

Fotiou S, Tserkezoglou A, Hadjieleftheriou G, Apostolikas N, Karydas I, Stravolemos K (1998) Tamoxifen associated uterine pathology in breast cancer patients with abnormal bleeding. Anticancer Res 18 625-629... 

Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Hennessy BT, Meric-Bernstam F et al (2011) Fimctional proteomics can define prognosis and predict pathologic complete response in patients with breast cancer. Clin Proteomics 8 11... 

The management of locally advanced breast cancer and inflammatory breast cancer has evolved over the past twenty years. In general, surgery has maintained a role in the combined management of this disease but most studies have tested strategies to increase the extent of pathological response, especially in view of its prognostic implications. 

Formenti SC, Dunnington G, Uzieli B, et al. Original p53 status predicts for pathological response in locally advanced breast cancer patients treated preoperatively with continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil and radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol, Biol, Physics 1997 39 1059-1068. 

Kuerer HM, Newman LA, Smith TL, et al. Clinical course of breast cancer patients with complete pathologic primary tumor and axillary lymph node response to doxorubicin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1999 17 460 -69. 

Formenti SC, Cohen D, Tsao-Wei DD, et al. Clinical Course of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer (LABC) Patients with pathological response to primary concurrent 5-fluorouracil and radiation (FU/ RT). Int JRadiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001 51 195-196 (abstract 1039). 

Mallon E, Osin P, Nasiri N et al. The basic pathology of human breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2000 5 139-163. 

Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease, encompassing a wide range of pathologic entities and molecular profiles. It is crucial for the physicians to accurately define a patient s risk of developing metastatic and recurrent diseases at diagnosis. This will determine the clinical course for the given patient, that is, which patient should receive expensive and toxic adjuvant therapy and which patient should avoid over-treatment. 

Murphy N, Millar E, Lee CS. Gene expression profiling in breast cancer towards individualising patient management. Pathology 2005 37 271-277. 

Sacchini V, Zurrida S, Andreoni G, Luini A, Galimberti V, Veronesi P, Intra M, Viale G, Veronesi U. Pathologic and biological prognostic factors of breast cancers in short- and long-term hormone replacement therapy users. Ann Surg Oncol 2002 9(3) 266-71. 

In a prospective study in 77 consecutive women with postmenopausal breast cancer scheduled to start endocrine treatment for breast cancer, using either tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor tamoxifen treatment significantly increased endometrial thickness and uterine volume after 3 months (24). In additional, tamoxifen induced endometrial cysts and polyps and increased the size of pre-existing fibroids. In contrast, aromatase inhibitors did not stimulate endometrial growth and were not associated with endometrial pathology. Furthermore, they reduced endometrial thickness and uterine volume in patients who had previously taken tamoxifen. 

When assessing the risk of endometrial malignancy in women with breast cancer taking tamoxifen, it is worth taking into account evidence that patients with breast cancer may at the outset have some endometrial pathology. In women with breast cancer scheduled for tamoxifen there were endometrial polyps in 9.3%, endometrial cysts in 16%, and synechiae in 12% at the outset. Tamoxifen significantly increased the incidence of these benign endometrial lesions, usually after less than 1 year of treatment. There were no cases of endometrial carcinoma in 34 patients who had taken tamoxifen for 12-24 months, and only one in 78 patients who had taken it for 5-72 months (103). 

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