Design for reliability

U. S. Army Materiel Command, Engineering Design Handbooks-Development Guide forReliability, Part 2 Design for Reliability (AMCP 706-196) Part 3 Reliability Prediction (AMCP 706-197) Part 4 Reliability Measurement (AMCP 706-298), National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., 1976. 

Broadbeiit, J. E. A. 1993 Evaluating Concept Design for Reliability. In Proceedings ICED 93, The Elague, 1186-1188. 

Stephenson, J. A. and Wallace, K. M. 1996 Design for Reliability of Mechanisms. In Huang, G. Q. (ed.). Design for X - Concurrent Engineering Imperatives. London Chapman Hall. 

Lieberman, N. R, Process Design For Reliable Operations, 2nd Ed., Gulf Publishing Co., 1989. 

We are concerned, in this discussion, with original design for reliability. Norman Lieberman s excellent book laments the dying art of process design born of field imparted discernment. We must be careful that computerized standard design methods do not produce cookie cutter unreliable plants. 

Lieberman, N, P, Process Design for Reliable Operations, Gulf Professional Publishing, 1983. 

Now let us consider utility failure as a cause of overpressure. Failure of the utility supphes (e.g., electric power, cooling water, steam, instrument air or instrument power, or fuel) to refinery plant facihties wiU in many instances result in emergency conditions with potential for overpressuring equipment. Although utility supply systems are designed for reliability by the appropriate selection of multiple generation and distribution systems, spare equipment, backup systems, etc., the possibility of failure still remains. Possible failure mechanisms of each utility must, therefore, be examined and evaluated to determine the associated requirements for overpressure protection. The basic rules for these considerations are as follows ... 

Wood, Jonathan, and Joe Gifford, "Process and System Designs for Reliable Operations of RO/CEDI Systems," Proceedings, 65th Annual International Water Conference, Engineering Society of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, 2004. 

The transfer step may also be conducted via gravity transfer via a single or bifurcated chute (Fig. 2), depending on the press configuration. Since these chutes are often operated in a flood-loaded manner (full cross section) and may consist of converging sections where the cross-sectional area of the chute is reduced, they often need to be designed for reliable flow in a similar manner as the IBCs. 

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