Breaking internal waves

A refined one-dimensional numerical ocean model of the southern Baltic Sea was used by Axell (2002) to investigate suitable parameterizations of unresolved turbulence and compared it with available observations. The turbulence model is a k- model that includes extra source terms of turbulent kinetic energy production by internal waves and Langmuir circulation due to unresolved, breaking internal waves and Langmuir... 

Gregg M.C., Sanford T.B., and Winkel D.P. (2003) Reduced mixing from the breaking of internal waves in equatorial waters. Nature 422, 513-515. 

Fennel, W., Lass, H. U., 1989. Analytical Theory of Forced Oceanic Waves. Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 312 pp. Gargett, A. E., Holloway, G., 1984. Dissipation and diffusion hy internal wave breaking. Journal of... 

One is purely formal, it concerns the departure from symmetry of an approximate solution of the Schrodinger equation for the electrons (ie within the Bom-Oppenheimer approximation). The most famous case is the symmetry-breaking of the solutions of the Hartree-Fock equations [1-4]. The other symmetry-breaking concerns the appearance of non symmetrical conformations of minimum potential energy. This phenomenon of deviation of the molecular structure from symmetry is so familiar, confirmed by a huge amount of physical evidences, of which chirality (i.e. the existence of optical isomers) was the oldest one, that it is well accepted. However, there are many problems where the Hartree-Fock symmetry breaking of the wave function for a symmetrical nuclear conformation and the deformation of the nuclear skeleton are internally related, obeying the same laws. And it is one purpose of the present review to stress on that internal link. 

The second mechanism proposed for aerosol generation is based on the piezoelectric crystal operating at low frequency and imparting vibrations to the bulk liquid. This results in the formation of cavitation bubbles, which move to the air-liquid interface.The internal pressure within the bubbles equilibrates with that of the atmosphere, causing their implosion. When this occurs at the liquid surface, portions of the liquid break free from the turbulent bulk liquid, resulting in droplet formation. The dependence of atomization on cavitation phenomena has been demonstrated for frequencies between 0.5 and 2.0 MHz.Boguslavskii and Eknadiosyants combined these theories with-their proposal that droplet formation resulted from capillary waves initiated and driven by cavitation bubbles. 

After gas explosion, shock waves will break the hollow metal spheres outside the first layer of symmetric porous metal material 2 and arrive at internal material. The special structure of the foam ceramics would reduce the pressure from gas explosion and block it, at the same time, decrease temperature of flame and speed of propagation. If the door can not bear the impact, the more barrier doors we need to set. As a result, the shock resistance of the first barrier door should be regarded as the important parameters, and it will be seriously influenced by the shape of barrier door. To find out most stable door. More analyses and researches on different shapes of doors s necessary. 

The present chapter is a revised version of the author s paper presented at the 4 International Conference on Asian and Pacific Conference 2007, in Nanjin, China. It aims at providing coastal engineers and researchers with the most advanced knowledge on the statistics of wave breaking in the nearshore waters so that they can make a correct approach to the problems related to wave-breaking processes. 

In Apo E-KO mice. All treatment accelerated atherosclerosis in the carotid artery, increased blood pressure, increased arterial stiffening, increased pulse wave velocity, and decreased arterial elasticity. These functional changes were correlated with morphological and biochemical changes as demonstrated by an increase in collagen content, a decrease in elastin content, and breaks in the internal elastic lamina in the aortic wall. In addition, endothelium-independent vasorelaxation to sodium nitroprusside was impaired (265). 

In Chap. 3, wave packet propagation could be observed for nearly all of the alkali dimer and trimer systems considered, over a rather long time compared to the wave packet oscillation period. The wave packet dynamics - a fingerprint of the excited molecule - definitely characterize the excited bound electronic state of these molecules. However, with the results on K3 (excited with A 800 nm), another phenomenon, which often governs ultrafast molecular and cluster dynamics, comes into the discussion photodissociation induced by the absorption of single photons. This photoinduced dissociation permits detailed study of molecular dynamics such as breaking of bonds, internal energy transfer, and radiationless transitions. The availability of laser sources with pulses of a few tens of femtoseconds today opens a direct, i.e. real-time, view on this phenomenon. 

Koshizuka, S., Nobe, A., Oka, Y. (1998). Numerical analysis of breaking waves using the moving particle semi-implicit method. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 26, 751-769. 

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