Brain microinjection

Hammer M. and Menzel R. (1998) Multiple sites of associative odor learning as revealed by local brain microinjections of octopamine in honeybees. Learn. Mem. 5, 146-156. 

Much evidence supports this scheme. For example, neuronal depolarisation increases the amount of free synapsin in the cytosol and microinjection of CAM kinase II into the terminals of the squid giant axon or brain synaptosomes increases depolarisation-evoked transmitter release. By contrast, injection of dephosphorylated synapsin I into either the squid giant axon or goldfish Mauthner neurons inhibits transmitter release. 

Kask, A, Rago, L and Harro, J (1998) Anxiolytic-like effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY13-36 microinjected into vicinity of locus coeruleus in rats. Brain Res. 788 345-348. 

Lin, J. S., Sakai, K., Vanni, M. G. Jouvet, M. (1989). A critical role of the posterior hypothalamus in the mechanisms of wakefulness determined by microinjection of muscimol in freely moving cats. Brain Res. 479, 225-40. 

Lai, Y. Y. Siegel, J. M. (1990). Cardiovascular and muscle tone changes produced by microinjection of cholinergic and glutamatergic agonists in dorsolateral pons and medial medulla. Brain Res. 514, 27-36. 

Pollock, M. S. Mistlberger, R. E. (2003). Rapid eye movement sleep induction by microinjection of the GABA-A antagonist bicuculline into the dorsal subcoeruleus area of the rat. Brain Res. 962, 68-77. 

Cordeau, J., Moreau, A., Beaulnes, A. 8r Laurin, C. (1963). EEG and behavioral changes following microinjections of acetylcholine and adrenaline in the brain stem of cats. Arch. Ital. Biol. 101, 30-47. 

Mitler, M. M. Dement, W. C. (1974). Cataplectic-like behavior in cats after microinjections of carbachol in pontine reticular formation. Brain Res. 68, 335-43. 

Monti, J. M. Jantos, H. (2004). Effects of the 5-HTia receptor ligands flesinoxan and WAY 100635 given systemically or microinjected into the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus on REM sleep in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 151, 159-66. 

Matsumura, H., et al. (1988). Awaking effect of PGE2 microinjected into the preoptic area of rats. Brain Res. 444, 265-72. 

Mendelson W. (2000). Sleep-inducing effects of adenosine microinjections into the medial preoptic area are blocked by flumazenil. Brain Res. 852, 479-82. 

Chen, J., Marmur, R., Pulles, A., Paredes, W., and Gardner, E.L., Ventral tegmental microinjection of A9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances ventral tegmental somatodendritic dopamine levels but not forebrain dopamine levels evidence for local neural action by marijuana s psychoactive ingredient, Brain Res., 621, 65, 1993. 

Caine S., Heinrichs S., Coffin V., Koob G. Effects of the dopamine D-l antagonist SCH23390 microinjected into the accumbens, amygdala or striatum on cocaine self-administration in the rat. Brain Res. 692 47, 1995. 

Histamine also induces antinociceptive (i.e. pain-relieving) responses in animals after microinjection into several brain regions [73, 74]. H, and H2 mechanisms are significant and both neuronal and humoral mechanisms may be involved. Brain H2 receptors appear to mediate some forms of endogenous analgesic responses, especially those elicited by exposure to stressors [75]. Many of the modulatory actions of histamine discussed above appear to be activated as part of stress responses. For reasons that remain unclear, histamine releasers, such as thioperamide, show only mild, biphasic antinociceptive actions, even though histamine is a potent and effective analgesic substance. Outside the brain, both H and H3 receptors exist on certain types of sensory nerves and activation of these receptors promotes and inhibits, respectively, peripheral nerve transmission related to pain and/or inflammation [76,77]. 

Bodnar RJ, Wiiiiams CL, Lee SJ, Pasternak GW. (1988). Role of mul opiate receptors in supraspinal opiate anaigesia a microinjection study. Brain Res. 447 25-34. 

Rassnick S, Heinrichs SC, Britton KT, Koob GF. 1993. Microinjection of a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist into the central nucleus of the amygdala reverses anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal. Brain Res 605(1) 25-32. 

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