Brain glucose utilization

Brain glucose utilization decreases when alertness and cognitive performance are impaired by sleep deprivation, especially in the prefrontal cortex, a region involved in alertness, attention, and higher order cognitive processes and in the thalamus, a subcortical structure involved in alertness and attention. 

Wooten, G. F., and Collins, R., 1980, Regional brain glucose utilization following intrastriatal injection of kainic acid. Brain Res. 201 173-184. 

Hawkins, R., Hass, W. K., and Ransohoff, J., 1979, Measurement of regional brain glucose utilization in vivo using [2- C]glucose, Stroke 10 690-703. 

Bobillier, P., el at (1982). Glucose utilization increases in choroid plexus during slow wave sleep. A [14C] deoxyglucose study in the cat. Brain Res. 240, 359-63. 

Maquet P., Dive D., Salmon E. et al. (1992). Cerebral glucose utilization during stage 2 sleep in man. Brain Res. 571, 149-53. 

Vannucci, S. J., Clark, R. R., Koehler-Stec, E. etal. Glucose transporter expression in brain relationship to cerebral glucose utilization. Dev. Neurosci. 20 369-379,1998. 

Itoh, Y., Esaki, T., Shimoji, K. etal. Dichloroacetate effects on glucose and lactate oxidation by neurons and astroglia in vitro and on glucose utilization by brain in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 4879-84, 2003. 

Functional brain imaging, which monitors blood flow or glucose utilization through Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or functional (f) MRI ... 

Cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization Local cerebral blood flow is increased by ginkgo extract in multiple regions of the brain in conscious rats (Kriegistein et al. 1986). Ginkgo increases cerebral blood flow in humans as well (Heiss and Podreka 1978). 

Lamour Y, Holloway HW, Rapoport SI, Soncrant TT. (1992). Ginkgo biloba extract decreases local glucose utilization in the adult rat brain. In Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (Egb 761) in the Central Nervous System. Christen J, Costentin C, Lacour M, eds. Paris Elsevier, pp 1 25. 

London ED, ConnoUy RJ, Szikszay M, Wamsley JK, Dam M (1988) Effects of nicotine on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat, J Neurosci 8 3920-3928 Markou A (2008) Neurobiology of nicotine dependence, Phil Trans R Soc B 363 3159-3168 Marks Ml, Stitzel JA, Romm E, Wehner JM, Collins AC (1986) Nicotinic binding sites in rat and mouse brain comparison of acetylchohne, nicotine, and alpha-bungarotoxin. Mol Pharmacol 30 427 36... 

London E, Fanelh RJ, Kimes A, et al Effects of chronic nicotine on cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. Brain Res 520 208-214, 1990 Lonnqvist J, Sihvo S, Syvalahti E, et al Moclobemide and fluoxetine in atypical depression a double-blind trial. J Affect Disord 32 169-177, 1994 Loo H, Malka R, Defance R, et al Tianeptine and amitriptyline controlled double-blind trial in depressed alcoholic patients. Neuropsychobiology 19 79-85, 1988... 

London, E.D., Cascella, N.G., Wong, D.F., et al. Cocaine induced reduction of glucose utilization in human brain. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 47, 567-574, 1990. 

It is a sympathomimetic amine, the mechanism of action is related to brain levels (or turnover rates) of serotonin or to increase glucose utilization. Its antiappetite effect is suppressed by serotonin blocking drugs. Its use in clinical practice is recently banned in India because of severe toxicity. 

As shown in Figure (1), injected [uC]2-deoxy-D-glucose ([UC]DG) is transported toward cerebral tissue through the Mood brain barrier and then phosphorylated into [MC]DG-diphosphate ([l4C]DG-6P), which accumulates in the cells. Measuring radioactivity in brain sections by autoradiography, it is possible to calculate local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) [116]. 

DeLa Paz, R.L., et al. Positron Emission Tomographic Study of Suppression of Gray-Matter Glucose Utilization by Brain Tumors, Amer. J. of Neurological... 

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