Brain dura mater

Meninges Group of three membranes (dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. 

WB shows CYP7A/induction in arachnoid, dura mater, choroid plexus, pineal gland, and pituitary of rat brain by //-naphthoflavone (Morse et al., 1998). 

Ibid., prae. 5, 3 April 1732, 156-157. Boerhaave also believed that many nervous diseases are caused by defects in the vessels of the brain causing illnesses in the dura mater. However, these illnesses are not directly relevant for the argument. 

The pituitary gland, also referred to as the hypophysis, is located at the base of the brain in a cavity of the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica. The pituitary is separated from the brain by an extension of the dura mater known as the diaphragma sella. The pituitary is a very small gland, weighing between 0.4 and 1 g in adults. It is divided into two distinct regions, the anterior lobe, or adenohypophysis, and the posterior lobe, or the neurohypophysis (see Fig. 75-1). 

The skull and vertebrae protect the CNS from blunt or penetrating trauma (Fig. 105-1). The brain is suspended in these structures by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is surroimded by the meninges. The meninges are made up of three separate membranes dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. Dura mater, or pachymeninges, lies directly beneath and is adherent to the skuU. The other two membranes are referred to collectively as leptomeninges. Pia mater lies directly over brain tissue. Arachnoid, the middle layer, lies between the dura mater and the pia mater. The subarachnoid space, located between the arachnoid and the pia mater, is the conduit for CSF. By definition, meningitis refers to inflammation of the subarachnoid space or spinal fluid, whereas encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain... 

Within the brain, histamine is produced both by mast cells and by certain neuronal fibers. Mast cells are a family of bone marrow-derived secretory cells that store and release high concentrations of histamine. They are prevalent in the thalamus, hypothalamus, dura mater, leptomeninges, and choroid plexus. Histaminergic neuronal cell bodies in the human are found in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior basal hypothalamus. The fibers project into nearly all areas of the CNS, including the cerebral cortex, the brainstem, and spinal cord. 

The three most important parts of the brain are the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. They are covered by several membranes. Between the skull and the brain, there are three membranes (meninges) dura mater (two layers), arachnoid (resembling a spider s web), and pia mater. The pia mater is in direct contact with the cortex, and between the pia mater and the arachnoid there is space for the highly conductive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 

Known human prion diseases are Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Schienker syndrome (GSS) and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). GSS and FFI are inherited, whereas CJD may be inherited, sporadic or infectious. Another infectious form of CJD (iatrogenic CJD) arises from inadequately sterilized surgical instruments, dura mater grafts, and from human growth hormone isolated from cadavers. Kuru is a classical example of an infectious human prion disease transmitted by the ritual cannibalism of human brains, this disease was formerly common in the Fore tribe of New Guinea. 

Al-MeftyO, Jinkins JR, Fox JL (1986) Extensive dural arteriovenous malformation. Case report. J Neurosurg 65 417-420 Alberico RA, Barnes P, Robertson RL et al (1999) Helical CT angiography dynamic cerebrovascular imaging in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 328-334 Aminoff MJ (1973) Vascular anomalies in the intracranial dura mater. Brain 96 601-612... 

Cases of CJD have also been attributed to the use of contaminated instruments in brain surgery and with the transplantation of human dura mater and cornea [11], Suppliers of materials may minimise the risks of contamination of TSE by ensuring [12] ... 

Pietrucha, K. and Polis, L. (2009). New collagen implant as a dura mater of the brain and spinal cord. http //www.iiis.org/CDs2009/CD2009SCI/ BMIC2009/PapersPdfiB085TK.pdf... 

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