Brain cholinergic cells

Webster, HH and Jones, BE (1988) Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsalateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum-cholinergic cell area in the rat. II Effects upon sleep-waking states. Brain Res. 458 285-302. 

Another pontine area of interest regarding analgesia is the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN), which is a major brain stem source of cholinergic cells. The PPTN has projections to the RVM and spinal cord (Iwamoto and Marion 1993). The RVM receives input from many brain areas relevant to analgesia, and has projections to the spinal cord (Fields et al. 1991 Zagon 1995). 

Vilaro MT, Palacios JM, Mengod G. 1994. Multiplicity of muscarinic autoreceptor subtypes Comparison of the distribution of cholinergic cells and cells containing mRNA for five subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the rat brain. Mol Brain Res 21 30-46. 

Figure 1. Frontal section through human brain stained for acetylcholinesterase (frame A) and diagram showing locations of individual cholinergic cells irregularly dispersed throughout the nucleus basalis of Meynert and surrounding regions of human brain (frame B). Abbreviations AC, anterior commissure B, nucleus basalis of Meynert gpe, globus pallidus external part gpi, globus pallidus internal part, 1C internal capsule P, putamen.

Kushmerick, C., Romano-Silva, M. A., Gomez, M. V. and Prado, M. A., 2001, Changes in Ca(2+) channel expression upon differentiation of SN56 cholinergic cells. Brain Res 916, 199-210. 

Fig. 13). The so-called multi-layer fibers also contribute to the plexus surrounding the Purkinje cells. These fibers were traced from several sources, including the noradrenergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic cell groups of the brain stem. They ramify in all layers of the cortex, but constitute the densest plexus at the level of the Purkinje eells. They are discussed more fully in Sections 3.8., 3.9. and 3.10.1. 

Vilaro MT, Wiederhold K-H, Palacios JM, Mengod G (1992) Muscarinic M2 receptor mRNA expression and receptor binding in cholinergic and non-cholinergic cells in the rat brain a correlative study using in situ hybridization histochemistry and receptor autoradiography. Neuroscience, 47, 367 -393. 

It is generally accepted that ChAc is recovered in both a soluble and a particulate form after homogenization of brain tissue in iso-osmotic sucrose (Hebb and Small-man, 1956 Hebb and Whittaker, 1958). The soluble form of ChAc is derived by disruption of cholinergic cell bodies and probably also axons and dendrites, whereas the particulate form is obtained from the detached nerve terminals (synaptosomes). 

Homogenization of brain tissue in iso-osmotic sucrose in the presence of a cholinesterase inhibitor gives rise to a soluble pool of ACh that is probably derived from disrupted cholinergic cell bodies, axons and dendrites. Homogenization of peripheral axons (Whittaker cited Hebb and Silver, 1963) also gives rise to largely a soluble form of ACh. 

Cholinergic nuclei in the CNS are typically small, discrete regions that provide diffuse innervation to wide areas of the brain (Mesuiam et ai, 1983 Kasa, 1986 Woolf, 1991). Six major cholinergic cell nuclei and their innervating fibers have been characterized (Mesuiam et ai, 1983 Cooper et al., 2003 Lucas-Mcunicr et ai, 2003). Tabic 1 shows these cholinergic nuclei and their principal projection areas. 

Influences differentiation of cholinergic cells of brain stem and forebrain... 

In order to obtain more precise information about the persistent effect of thyroid deficiency on subcortical cholinergic nerve cells without the complications of secondary reactions in in vivo studies, conditions have been established for the culturing in chemically defined medium of neurones enriched in cholinergic cells from the septal-diagonal band region of the embryonic rat brain.8 At 10 days in vitro, the cultures contain more than 96% nerve cells of which about 18% are cholinergic neurones, while the proportion of astrocytes was less than 2%. Recently, it has been suggested... 

I I Zn exposed SN56 cholinergic cells I I TDP deficient SN56 cholinergic cells TDP deficient patients brain cortex... 

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction in autonomic ganglia and at postgangHonic parasympathetic nerve endings (see Neuroregulators). In the CNS, the motor-neuron collaterals to the Renshaw cells are cholinergic (43). In the rat brain, acetylcholine occurs in high concentrations in the interpeduncular and caudate nuclei (44). The LD q (subcutaneous) of the chloride in rats is 250 mg/kg. 

Traumatic brain injury is the most common cause of death in subjects under the age of 40, and an important risk factor for AD. Loss of hippocampal cells and depletion of ACh and of muscarinic receptors can be attenuated in injured experimental animals, improve blood perfusion in ischemic areas and increase cholinergic transmission in cortex and hippocampus the same mechanism invoked for treatment of VD. 

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