Brain basal ganglia

Usually excitatory, except for some parasympathetic nerve endings where it is inhibitory (such as the effect on the heart by the vagus nerve). Secreted by many neurons, including those in the motor area of the brain, basal ganglia, skeletal muscle motor neurons, all preganglionic autonomic nervous system neurons, all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, and some postganglionic sympathetic neurons. 

The cholinergic system is not only modified by physical stress but is also influenced by a variety of other stress factors. Rats exposed to repeated immobilization stress showed diminished ChAT activity in brain basal ganglia. ChAT activity also decreased in the cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the mid-brain of rats after... 

Sensory cortex Motor cortex Mid brain Basal ganglia Loci caerulei... 

Topcuoglu V Comert B, Karabekiroglu A, Dede F, Erdil TY, Turoglu HT (2005) Right basal ganglion hypoperfusion in obsessive compulsive disorder patients demonstrated by Tc-99m-HMPAO brain perfusion sped A controlled study. Int J Neurosci 115 1643-1655. 

Northern blots and in situ hybridization data showed that BDNF mRNA is mainly present in the brain and suggested a putative trophic effect for neurotrophins not only on PNS neurons but also on intrinsic neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, both NGF and BDNF were found to support central cholinergic neurons in culture (Martinez et al., 1985 Hefti, 1986 Hartikka and Hefti, 1988 Hatanaka et al., 1988 Alderson et al., 1990 Knusel et al., 1991). However, only BDNF supported chick and rat retinal ganglion cells, dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalon, and GABAergic neurons of the basal forebrain and striatum (Lindsay et al., 1985 Alderson et al., 1990 Hyman et al., 1991, 1994 Knusel et al., 1991, 1994 Ventimiglia et al., 1995). 

ENT (OCT 3) Epi NE >DA Liver Brain Heart Blood vessels Kidney Placenta Retina Hepatocytes Glial cells, others Myocytes Endothelial cells Cortex, proximal and distal tubules S y ncytiotrophoblast (basal membrane) Photoreceptors, ganglion amacrine cells Isocyanines, corticosterone, 0-methyl- isoproterenol... 

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