Bottom-up analysis

The bottom-up analysis (BAU forecast without emissions trading) led to projected annual 2005-2007 emissions of 39.3 Mt CO2 for the emissions trading sectors. As a comparison, the historical emissions in 2002 were 30.9 Mt, and in 2003 they were 36.6 Mt. On the basis of the considerations outlined above, it was decided that the following allocations for the first Danish NAP, covering the period 2005-2007, would be consistent with a path to Kyoto compliance ... 

Keywords Integrated microsystems Isoelectric focusing Microfluidics Orthogonality Proteome Top-down and bottom-up analysis Two-dimensional electrophoresis... 

Vehicle cost estimates based on a detailed bottom-up analysis consistent with TIAX s automotive fuel cell costing study. 

DOR 06] Dornburn V., Faau A., Patel M, et al., Economics and GHG emission reduction of a PLA bio-refinery system-combining bottom-up analysis with price elasticity effects . Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 46, pp. 377-409,2006. 

Furthermore, when we come to performing a bottom up analysis, where we wish to describe the continuous contour with a discrete set of linguistic units, we find the mapping even more complicated. Because of these problems, it is nearly universal to use some sort of acoustic model which acts as an interim representation between the abstract intonational form and the FO contour. This model has a fixed number of parameters per unit, and so we can use one of the standard mapping algorithms (such as CART) to generate these parameters from the intonational form ... 

Zubarev and co-workers utilized a combined ECD CID approach for the bottom-up analysis of phosphorylation in human a-casein [127]. The method involved an FT-ICR survey scan followed by ECD and CID of the two most abundant precursor ions. These researchers identified a site of phosphorylation that, althongh known in the bovine form, had not been reported previously for human a-casein. 

The safety analysis presented in the next sections employs a top-down failure analysis (FTA), a bottom-up analysis (FMEA) and a quantitative analysis. 

The second analysis is the FMEA, this is the bottom-up analysis. First, the failure modes of all the transmitter blocks are defined. Each of these modes is related to one or more effects on the transmitter functionality. Once the modes and effects are listed, the last step is the definition of the solution to mitigate the effect of the possible failures. These conclusions can result in changes in the transceiver design or changes in other components of the system, as DPU. Table 1 shows the summary of the results of the process where the most significant cases are presented. 

FMEA is simply an analysis tool that identifies all the ways a particular component can fail and what its effects would be at the subsystem level and ultimately on the system. FMEA is vastly different from fault tree analysis. Fault tree analysis is a top-down analysis of faults in a system. FMEA is a bottom-up analysis that identifies failures (not necessarily faults) in the system. The fault tree starts with the top-level or system-level concern (top event) and then works down to the events that lead to that top event. FMEA does exactly the opposite it starts with the components in the system and analyzes failures and how they impact the subsystan in which it is housed and what are the propagated effects across the syston. 

Cause-consequence analysis uses symbolic logic trees similar to fault trees. You start with an accident or failure scenario that challenges or adversely impacts the system and then develop a bottom-up analysis. Failure probabilities are calculated and incorporated into each step of the analysis, and thus quantify the tree. 

In the classical table based Form-Sheet-FMEA, it could be recognized, that we not performing a pure inductive or bottom-up analysis. We basic principle is to evaluate on a given function certain failure and in the following steps to identify failure causes and failure effects. 

Wolfe et al. [43] extended and modified the Feature Integration Theory proposing that visual search is executed in a subconscious bottom-up and a conscious top-down process at the same time. During the bottom-up analysis, all salient items are subconsciously pushed into the focus of attention (similar to the conjunction search for a single distinctive feature). A second conscious top-down analysis steers the viewer s attention towards the most promising features hy applying a prior to the search. 

In terms of the example, an orange pullover might lead to a high activation in the bottom-up analysis but the prior from the conscious top-down process dampens fliis activation. Thus, in contrast to the Feature Integration Theory this search is not exhaustive since the objects are examined in a descending order. 

There are a variety of tools and techniques available for assessing safety, which can broadly be classified into two categories. Top-down analysis starts by identifying the accidents or failure conditions to be investigated, and then proceeds to derive the combination of failures and/or events which can produce them. Bottom-up analysis starts with hardware failure modes which can occur and analyses the effects of these on the system and aircraft in order to determine the hazardous conditions which can occur. The objectives of these techniques fall into three broad categories ... 

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