Bottom-down process

Preparation of Nanosuspensions Using the Bottom-Down Process TSl... 

T3.4 Preparation of Nanosuspensions Usingthe Bottom-Down Process 267... 

Preparation of nanosuspensions using the bottom-down process... 

Initially, a system s hierarchy is identified for subsystems, sub-subsystems and so on to the components for which data must be found. The top event specifies system failure subsystems required for operation of the system in the mode specified are input to the top event s OR gate. Redundancy is represented by the redundant systems inputting an AND gate. This process of grouping subsystems under OR gates, if they can individually fail a function, or under AND gates if concurrent failures are necessary, is continued to the component or support system level until the tree is completed. This process grades the hierarchy from top to bottom, down the fault tree. 

Figure 1.3 Today s bottom-up (equipment dominance) and sketch of future top-down (process dominance) approaches in process development.

Development projects should change from top-down processes towards bottom-up processes (see Extension method is top down). 

Particles can either be produced by bottom-up processes (e.g. precipitation) or top-down approaches (e.g. wet milling). In these processes particle-particle interactions become relevant when the particle size is below 1 pm. Engineering macroscopic product properties is then only possible through tailored surface and interfacial properties, no matter whether a bottom-up process like precipitation [11] or a top-down process such as milling in stirred media mills [12] is studied. Aggregation is an important aspect in both processes which are studied in the following. 

Top management should also attempt to quantify this additional potential in the top-down and bottom-up process, even though it is usually much less obvious than the short-term synergy potential. Cross-functional teams, external benchmarking comparisons, and the systematic revisiting of the strategic plans of both companies are typical tools for this task. 

It is attractive to imagine that all we have to do to ensure learning in students is to analyze the task we wish to teach, which is a top-down process, and then teach the various pieces of the hierarchy, which is a bottom-up process. Under this model of instruction, we start with the elements in the lowest boxes at the bottom of the hierarchy, provide instruction on all elements at this level, move up a level and do the same thing, and continue until we reach the top of the tree. 

In fact, there are many publications describing the modeling of the bottom-up processes [7-8], whereas the up-down processes have been studied very little. Therefore, the objective of this work is the investigation... 

Safety is integrated into both development and operations. Safety activities employ a mixture of top-down engineering or reengineering and bottom-up process improvement. 

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