Bonds carbon-hydrogen single bond

Carbon, hydrogen, single bonds, and at least one -OH (may contain double and triple bonds and other structures)... 

Alkanes consist of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds and are unreactive compounds. This is due to the fact that C-C and C-H bonds are covalent in nature and so there are no electrophilic or nucleophilic centres present. Since most reagents react with nucleophilic or electrophilic centres, so the alkanes are unreactive molecules. 

We can now completely specify the orbitals used to form the bonds in the ethylene molecule. As shown in Fig. 14.13, the carbon atoms are described as using sp2 hybrid orbitals to form the a bonds to the hydrogen atoms and to each other, and using p orbitals to form the 7t bond with each other. Note that we have accounted fully for the Lewis structure of ethylene with its carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-hydrogen single bonds. 

In all of these cases one carbon-hydrogen single bond is broken, one carbon-hydrogen single bond is formed, and a single bond turns into a double bond or a double bond turns into a triple bond. For example. 

Table 8.3 Carbon-Hydrogen Single Bond Lengths and Hybridization Compound Length, A Hybridization...

Alkanes contain only carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds and have the general formula C H2 +2 where n is an integer other than zero. The smallest member of the alkane family is... 

In many cases, the choice of just where to localize the odd electron and charge is arbitrary, however. This is especially true if there are only carbon—carbon and carbon—hydrogen single bonds, as in propane. When possible, though, we write the structure showing the molecular ion that would result from the removal of one of the most loosely held valence electrons of the original molecule. Just which valence electrons are most loosely held can usually be estimated from ionization potentials (Table 9.3). The ionization potential of a molecule is the amount of energy (in electron volts) required to remove a valence electron from the molecule. 

Saturated fatty acid A fatty acid containing only carbon-hydrogen single bonds. 

This usage of the word saturated shows that chemists, like other people, sometimes use the same word with two entirely different meanings. On p. 164 this word was used to describe a solution which contains the equilibrium concentration of a dissolved substance. As used here, in reference to organic compounds, it means that all bonds to carbon are single bonds and they are all formed with hydrogen or other carbon atoms. 

We have already remarked that ethane is a member of a family of compounds called the saturated hydrocarbons. This term identifies compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen in which all bonds to carbon are single bonds formed with hydrogen or other carbon atoms. They occur in chains, branched chains, and cyclic structures. 

Acetylene is the most widely used alkyne. Alkynes undergo the same reactions as alkenes. Because a triple bond coimects the two carbon atoms, addition of an atom initially forms a double bond. The addition of a second atom converts the double bond into a single bond. For example, hydrogenation of propyne to propane is represented as ... 

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