Bolus feeding

Use continuous infusion instead of intermittent bolus feeding... 

A typical feed strategy involves the addition of four to six bolus feed additions at regular intervals during a 16- to 18-day process. Similar growth and production profiles are observed for aU antibody-pro-... 

All infants, on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, were established on parenteral fluids within the first hour of day 1 at 80 ml/kg/day with a solution of electrolytes, dextrose 10%, amino acids (Vaminolact, Fresenius Kabi, Cheshire, UK) and a phosphate supplement (Addiphos, Fresenius Kabi, Cheshire, UK). Fluid intakes were thereafter managed on the basis of clinical requirements. On day 2 of life, and thereafter, the solution was further supplemented with water-soluble vitamins (Solvito N, Fresenius Kabi, Cheshire, UK) and trace elements (Peditrace, Fresenius Kabi, Cheshire, UK), to the levels recommended by the manufacmrer. In tandem, a fat emulsion solution (Intralipid 20%, Fresenius Kabi, Cheshire, UK) with added fat-soluble vitamins (Vitfipid, Fresenius Kabi, Cheshire, UK) was infused, initially at 8ml/kg/ day, increasing maximally to 18 ml/kg/day by posma-tal day 5. Enteral feeds were started, when the condition of the infant was stable, as hourly boluses of 0.5—1 ml/h. Thereafter enteral feed volumes were gradually increased as determined by the infants clinical condition, with reciprocal reductions in the volume of parenteral nutrition infused. No infant progressed beyond hourly bolus feeds for the duration of the study. 

Check for gastric residual before intermittent or bolus feedings... 

Note MCT is not available in a PN solution but can be given as a drip or bolus feed... 

Polyethers such as monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, and narasin are sold in many countries in crystalline or highly purified forms for incorporation into feeds or sustained-release bolus devices (see Controlled-RELEASE technology). There are also mycelial or biomass products, especially in the United States. The mycelial products are generally prepared by separation of the mycelium and then drying by azeotropic evaporation, fluid-bed driers, continuous tray driers, flash driers, and other types of commercial driers (163). In countries allowing biomass products, crystalline polyethers may be added to increase the potency of the product. 

Teel, P.D., J.A. Hair, and L.G. Stratton. 1979. Laboratory evaluation of a sustained-release famphur bolus against Gulf Coast and lone star ticks feeding on Hereford heifers. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 72 230-233. 

EN can be administered by continuous, cyclic, bolus, and intermittent methods. The choice depends on the feeding tube location, patient s clinical condition, intestinal function, residence environment, and tolerance to tube feeding. 

Intermittent EN is similar to bolus EN except that the feeding is administered over 20 to 60 minutes, which improves tolerability but requires more equipment (e.g., reservoir bag and infusion pump). Like bolus EN, intermittent EN mimics normal eating patterns. As compared with continuous EN, bolus or intermittent EN minimizes the development of cholestatic liver disease. 

Although the feed additive uses of antibiotics have been emphasized, it should be noted that the uses as injectables for therapy, mammary infusions for mastitis, boluses, pills, capsules, medicated blocks, and drinking water formulations include a wider variety of antibiotics than are added to feeds. Many of these are currently used at the discretion of the meat producer or dairyman, others must be used under the direction of a veterinarian. For example, chloramphenicol is an antibiotic which the veterinarian has access to, but which the FDA has indicated should not be used in livestock destined for human consumption, primarily because of the... 

Oxolinic acid, a first-generation quinolone, has been authorized for use in fin fish, calves, swine, and poultry by the oral route. It may be given with the feed, the drinking water, or as a bolus. In 1991, 11.4 tons of oxolinic acid in addition to 5.7 tons of flumequine were used by the Norwegian aquaculture industry (187). 

Thiophanate is a synthetic antinematodal pro-benzimidazole drug intended for oral administration in form of a feed additive, drench, or bolus to cattle, sheep, swine, and goats. Recommended dosages are either 6-7 mg/kg bw/day for at least 14 days in the feed or 50-60 mg/kg bw as a single oral dose. Thiophanate is considered a nontoxic benzimidazole. 

Levamisole possesses a broad spectrum of activity against lung and gut nematodes, but it has no activity against cestodes, trematodes, and arthropods. It is commonly used in swine, nonlactating dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry in die forms of pour-on, bolus, drench, feed additive, or injectable... 

Haloxon is probably the safest of the organophosphate anthelminthics (37). It is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in sheep, cattle, and goats at a dosage of 30-50 mg/kg bw. It is not intended for use in swine and poultry, although certain parasites can be very effectively controlled by the drug in these hosts. It is usually administered orally in the form of a paste, bolus, drench, or liquid suspension, and as a feed premix for poultry. 

Bithionol is used for the treatment of tapeworm infections in poultry, and tapeworm and rumen fluke infections in sheep, cattle, and goats. An oral dose of approximately 200 mg/kg bw is used in sheep and goats, whereas two treatments, 4 days apart, of 200 mg/kg bw are used for chickens. Tlie drug is administered to poultry with tire feed, whereas to other animals it is administered in the form of gelatin capsules, tablets, or boluses. 

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