Body of knowledge

Some of the organizations responsible for the industry guidelines are preparing a collective review of their guides into what is likely to be known as the Body of Knowledge . Abstracts of these guidelines are presented below. 

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a technical report on software development activities in 1987. While under revision, its content is still very relevant and covers basic expectations for software development practices. A simple life cycle is described the requirements phase, the design phase, the implementation phase, the test phase, the installation and checkout phase and the operation and maintenance phase. The technical report also has some appendices covering firmware and software test methods. 

Technical Report No. 18 of the Parenteral Drug Association (PDA) presents the computer system validation life cycle and includes consideration of cycle refinement during the development phase. Some specific checklists are given for system requirements, vendor evaluations and specifications. The document is currently being considered for revision. 

The APV Guide is an interpretation of Annex 11 that specifically concerns the requirements of computerized systems within the EU GMPs. This work was conducted by the IT specialist group within the APV. The interpretation aims to break down the top-level requirements laid out in Annex 11 into practical guidance that can be easily understood and applied at a hands-on level. 

One interesting observation from this analysis is that the operation of computer systems besides change control is covered in only a few guidelines. Table 3.4 summarizes the results of Table 3.3. 

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The direct dissociation of diatomic molecules is the most well studied process in gas-surface dynamics, the one for which the combination of surface science and molecular beam teclmiques allied to the computation of total energies and detailed and painstaking solution of the molecular dynamics has been most successful. The result is a substantial body of knowledge concerning the importance of the various degrees of freedom (e.g. molecular rotation) to the reaction dynamics, the details of which are contained in a number of review articles [2, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41]. 

Statistics represents a body of knowledge which enables one to deal with quantitative data reflecting any degree of uncertainty. There are six basic aspects of apphed statistics. These are ... 

It is also important to realize that chemistry is not a static body of knowledge as defined by the contents of a textbook. Chemistry came from somewhere and is at present heading in various specific directions. It is a living self-stimulating discipline, and we have tried to transmit this sense of growth and excitement by reference to the historical development of the subject when appropriate. The chemistry of the elements is presented in a logical and academically consistent way but is interspersed with additional material which illuminates, exemplifies, extends or otherwise enhances the chemistry being discussed. 

SMB technology is now a mature technology adopted by pharmaceutical industry. The existence of an organized body of knowledge [39, 40] was helpful in optimizing SMB systems and making them acceptable by the industry. The future will require dynamic simulation for systems with small number of columns, e.g., configurations of the type 1-2-2-1 as encountered in some cases and also in view of process control to improve process performance. 

Column selection remains the most important factor in successful enantiomeric separations. The CSPs most likely to be effective in SFC are those that have been employed under normal phase conditions in LC. In fact, the tremendous body of knowledge that has been accumulated for LC can also guide column selection in SFC [66]. The likelihood of success with a particular CSP can generally be gauged after one or two injections [67]. If no evidence of separation is observed, another CSP should be investigated. 

These phenomena are being actively studied at the present time, and constitute a new chapter in the theory of oscillations that is known as piecewise linear oscillations. There exists already a considerable literature on this subject in the theory of automatic control systems11-34 but the situation is far from being definitely settled. One can expect that these studies will eventually add another body of knowledge to the theory of oscillations, that will be concerned with nonanalytic oscillatory phenomena. 

We have a considerable body of knowledge to help us to say something about the third coefficient, the variation of fugacity with composition. Many empirical and semiempirical expressions (e.g., Margules, Van Laar, Scat-chard-Hildebrand) have been investigated toward that end. Most of our experience in this regard is limited to liquid mixture at low pressures, where... 

Others suggest that computer ethics is a type of professional ethics [14]. If this is the case, then computer ethics is not such a brand new thing and considered judgments already in the common body of knowledge suffice to resolve challenges posed by computers. In other words, the area of computer ethics is not so unique. 

The single best source for quick and reasonably thorough access to the body of knowledge associated with computer ethics is Deborah Johnson s Computer Ethics (3rd edition, 2001). The first edition of that work [17], the first book listed under computer ethics in the Philosopher s Index, provides a conceptual framework for the issues of privacy, liability, ownership, and power. Despite its very early appearance in the short history of computer ethics, much of the analysis retains its value. 

With this in mind, I have presented the information in this book in a form that can be easily understood. I think that it is quite important that any student of the body of knowledge that we call "science" needs to be cognizeuit of the history and effort that has been made by those who preceded us. It was Newton who said "If I have seen further, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants . Thus, I have tried to give a short history of each particular segment of solid state theory and technology. 

Allelopathy (root words ALLELON and PATHOS) is derived from Greek, "allelon" of each other and "pathos" to suffer - the injurious effect of one upon another. The subject matter of this symposiun covers that body of knowledge which concerns the production by one plant of chemicals that induce suffering in another and may also be called chemical pathogenesis. Although the evidence... 

At this time, a cohesive body of knowledge that has enough depth to make recommendations for different site conditions within the several U.S. climatic regions does not exist. However, many... 

Mechanism helps us organize the seemingly an overwhelmingly complex body of knowledge into an understandable form. 

Whereas in Sections 3, 4a, and 4b we have been able to present a fairly detailed and coherent (though not yet complete) body of knowledge about the H+ species, its migration, and its role in the generation of immobile H2, we have much more limited information on the species H° and perhaps H that presumably dominate migration and complex formation in n-type material. These limitations have already become painfully apparently in our discussion of donor neutralization in Section 4c. We shall now address the question of the roles of monatomic species and hydrogen complexes in migration in n-type material. 

Another external consideration which may strongly influence retrosynthetic analysis is connected with the available body of knowledge on chemical transformations of target structure. In... 

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