Blood hemoglobin content

Figure 3.3 Relationships among pC02, pH, and [HC03 ] for the extracellular bicar-bonate-COz buffer system. "True plasma" means that the plasma was separated from blood cells under anaerobic conditions to preserve its C02 content. The normal buffer line provides a standard reference for the relationship amongpC02, [HC03 ], and pH. Its slope depends on blood hemoglobin content.

Run No. = 10, temperature 25°C, blood 190 grams fresh bovine blood, hemoglobin content 11.8 grams in 100 grams blood, fluorocarbon phase 110 grams, oxygen nozzle size = 0.3 cm in diameter. 

Aperture impedance measurements of cell volume must take into account the osmolaUty and pH of the medium. A hypotonic medium causes cells to swell a hypertonic medium causes them to shrink. Some manufacturers of aperture impedance counters deHberately provide hypertonic electrolytic media for red blood cell measurements. The shmnken red cells not only become more nearly spherical and thus less affected by orientation, but also less deformable than cells in isotonic media and thus less affected by differences in hemoglobin content. 

Blood counts are also used to determine toxic exposures. Measurements of the red and white blood cells, hemoglobin content, and platelet count are performed easily and inexpensively. However, blood counts are frequently insensitive to toxic exposure marked changes are seen only after substantial exposure and damage. 

Anemia denotes a reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, or both. Oxygen (O2) transport capacity is decreased. 

Anaemia is the decrease in number of red blood cells or hemoglobin content caused by blood loss, deficient erythropoiesis, excessive hemolysis, or combination of these changes. Iron deficiency anaemia is probably the most common nutritional deficiency in the world. It is estimated that at least 500 million people are affected. Iron deficiency anaemia is much more common in developing countries, as people are consuming too little food or a limited variety of food. 

Hematologic Studies Hematologic study includes estimations of hemoglobin content, packed-cell volume, total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, platelets, or other measures of clotting potential. These should be performed on blood samples collected from all nonrodents, from 10 rats of both genders, from all groups at 3 months, 6 months, thereafter at approximately 6-month intervals, and at termination. If possible, these collections should be from the same rats of each interval. In additions, a pretest sample should be collected from nonrodents. 

Results from hematological evaluations in rats were also equivocal. Hematological evaluations of rats exposed to sodium dichromate at 0.025-0.2 mg chromium(VI)/m3 for 28 or 90 days or 0.1 mg chromium(VI)/m3 for 18 months were unremarkable (Glaser et al. 1985,1986, 1988). However, increased white blood cell counts were found in rats exposed to 0.1 mg chromium(VI)/m3 as sodium dichromate for 30 days and at 0.05 mg chromium(VI)/m3 for 90 days. The white blood cell counts were not increased 30 days postexposure (Glaser et al. 1990). Rats exposed to 0.1 mg chromium/m3 as a 3 2 mixture of chromium(VI) trioxide and chromium(III) oxide for 18 months had increased red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin content, and hematocrit (Glaser et al. 1986,1988). 

The most common essential metal deficiency in the United States is that of iron. Iron-deficiency anemia is the result of inadequate iron availability, leading to decreased hemoglobin production. Clinically, this is recognized by smaller red blood cells with lower hemoglobin content than normal red blood cells. Other nutritional... 

The hemoglobin content and hematocrit values were determined on the blood... 

Long-term or repeated exposure may have effects on the hematopoietic system, resulting in blood disorders. The hematotoxicity in humans is characterized by decreased hemoglobin content, progressive er-ythropenia and hemoglobinuria. 

Method for Red Cell Volume and Hemoglobin Content MCV and MCHC are the red cell indices used to characterize the blood of patients with anemia (see Chapter 11). Laser light scattering is used to measure the hemoglobin content and concentration of mdividual red cells. This is an early indicator of iron deficiency. Its usefulness is limited in patients with MCV values of >100 fL, but in others it compares favorably with other measurements of iron... 

Mast AE, Blinder MA, Lu Q, Flax S, Dietzen DJ. Clinical utility of the reticulocyte hemoglobin content in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood 2002 99 1489-91. 

Data are the mean and SE (standard error) values based on 10 young mice (initial weight 1 3.6 0.3 g) for each treatment after 7 days on treated diets Data are the mean and SE values based on four mature mice (initial weight 28.3 0.5 g) for each treatment after 4 days on treated diets Control spleen weight, 196 7 mg Control blood composition 15.9 0.2 g Hb/100 ml 48.9 0.7 % Hec 7.1 0.3 x 10 = erythrocytes/mm 23 2 x 10 total leucocytes/mm Hb, Hemoglobin content Hec, Hematocrit value... 

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