Microscope, reflecting

Spragg, R., Hoult, R. and Sellers, J. (2002) Comparing near-IR and mid-IR microscopic reflectance FT-IR imaging. Presented at the Federation of Analytical Chemists and... 

FIG. 32 Scanning laser microscopic reflection features of pseudoemulsion films from the model foaming solution (60 mM SDS/0.5 wt.% PVA) for the silicone oU antifoams (A series) and the mixed-type antifoams (B series). Estimated images of vertical sectional views are shown under these features. 

The orienting potential was originally intended for use with materials, such as liquid crystals and membranes, where the molecules align with a macroscopic direction called the director. In polymer systems, the director is usually defined microscopically, reflecting the fact that local structural features, such as the polymer backbone or microscopic crystalline or liquid-crystalline domains of the polymer, influence the label alignment. 

The development of scanning probe microscopies and x-ray reflectivity (see Chapter VIII) has allowed molecular-level characterization of the structure of the electrode surface after electrochemical reactions [145]. In particular, the important role of adsorbates in determining the state of an electrode surface is illustrated by scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) images of gold (III) surfaces in the presence and absence of chloride ions [153]. Electrodeposition of one metal on another can also be measured via x-ray diffraction [154]. 

The condition that the process a(t) is a stationary process is equivalent to the requirement tiiat all the distribution fimctions for a t) are invariant under time translations. This has as a consequence that W a, t) is independent of t and that 1 2(0, t 2, 2) depeirds on t = 2 -1. An even stationary process [4] has the additional requirement that its distribution fimctions are invariant under time reflection. For 1 2, this implies fV2(a 02> t) = 2 2 1 caWcd microscopic reversibility. It means that the quantities are even... 

Figure Bl.18.10. Scaimmg microscope in reflection the laser beam is focused on a spot on the object. The reflected light is collected and received by a broad-area sensor. By moving the stage, the object can be scaimed point by point and the corresponding reflection data used to construct the image. Instead of moving the stage, the illuminating laser beam can be used for scaiming.

Figure Bl.18.11. Confocal scanning microscope in reflection the pinliole in front of the detector is in a conjugate position to the illumination pinliole. This arrangement allows the object to be optically sectioned. The lens is used to focus the light beam onto the sample and onto the pinliole. Thus, the resulting point spread fimctioii is sharpened and the resolution increased.

For the confocal arrangement in transmission, the objective and the collector are used for imaging in reflection the objective is used twice. Therefore, the radial mtensity distribution in tlie image is the square of that of the conventional microscope ... 

Figure C 1.5.13. Schematic diagram of an experimental set-up for imaging 3D single-molecule orientations. The excitation laser with either s- or p-polarization is reflected from the polymer/water boundary. Molecular fluorescence is imaged through an aberrating thin water layer, collected with an inverted microscope and imaged onto a CCD array. Aberrated and unaberrated emission patterns are observed for z- and xr-orientated molecules, respectively. Reprinted with pennission from Bartko and Dickson [148]. Copyright 1999 American Chemical Society.

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