Blended carbonation

Comparative x-ray absorption measurements were used in the identification of various new compounds that could contain at most the following elements carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, and chlorine. The presumed composition of each compound, known in advance, was duplicated by properly blending carbon tetrachloride, benzotrifluoride, heptane, and benzene the latter also was used as solvent for the unknown. Under conditions intended to be identical, the amount of unknown... 

The important yet unexpected result is that in NR-s-SBR (solution) blends, carbon black preferably locates in the interphase, especially when the rubber-filler interaction is similar for both polymers. In this case, the carbon black volume fraction is 0.6 for the interphase, 0.24 for s-SBR phase, and only 0.09 in the NR phase. The higher amount in SBR phase could be due to the presence of aromatic structure both in the black and the rubber. Further, carbon black is less compatible with NR-cE-1,4 BR blend than NR-s-SBR blend because of the crystallization tendency of the former blend. There is a preferential partition of carbon black in favor of cis-1,4 BR, a significant lower partition coefficient compared to NR-s-SBR. Further, it was observed that the partition coefficient decreases with increased filler loading. In the EPDM-BR blend, the partition coefficient is as large as 3 in favor of BR. 

Table 3 Yields of HKL/synthetic polymer blend carbon fibers in each step of carbon fiber production...

The above systems are fairly simple, homogeneous systems since they contain only one polymer in the matrix. Blending polymers makes the behavior more complex. In polypropylene/polycarbonate blends, carbon black is preferentially located in the polycarbonate phase. A blend which is better mixed is less conductive than a blend in which carbon black predominantly resides in the polycarbonate phase where it can form a conductive network. These are properties which control morphology (and related electric conductivity) ... 

Jung, K. H. and Ferraris, J. R Preparation and electrochemical properties of carbon nanofibers derived from polybenzimidazole/polyimide precursor blends. Carbon. 2012. 

If one blends carbon black with deuterated polyethylene, it may be seen from Fig. 23.12, that presence of voids is highlighted within the carbon black/polyethylene matrix. Through a combinatiOTi of SAXS/SANS experiments, one can extract informati(Mi about void size and quantity [53]... 

As for natural rubber/SBR masterbatch blends, carbon black will migrate to the SBR gum phase. At equilibrium, the amount of carbon black in the natural rubber phase will depend on the particle size. For example, the amount of carbon black remaining in the natural rubber phase can drop from 41% for NSSO to only 27% when using N134. Other factors or empirical guidelines affecting the distribution of fillers include ... 

Another technique, known as the dry powder mixing method, has been employed by Cooper et al. to produce nanotube-reinforced polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composites [61]. Like most of the currently used fabrication methods for nanotube-based polymer composites, this technique is a combination of several protocols including solution-evaporation, sonication, kneading, and extrusion. More specifically, these workers used ultrasonic techniques to blend carbon nanotubes with PMMA particles, and the blend was later extruded to orient the nanotubes. Yang et al. [62] prepared small-scale batches of ABS nanocomposites without the use of solvents or ultrasonic techniques with good dispersion of the nanotubes. 

Banthia and Nandakumar (2003) have employed secondary polypropylene micro-fibres to enhance the deformation of steel fibre-reinforced concrete. More recently, Dawood and Ramli (2012) proposed the combination of steel fibres with synthetic and palm fibres as a means of reducing the corrosion problems of fibres and improving the flowing and mechanical properties of concrete. Lee et al. (2012) have shown that the blending of nylon and polypropylene fibres improves the spalling protection of FRC subjected to fire. Azhari and Banthia (2012) have blended carbon fibres and nanotubes in the development of smart stmcture materials, such as strain sensors. 

Rubber blends/carbon Automotive tires Abrasion resistance... 

Brigandi PJ, Cogen JM, Pearson RA (2014) Electrically conductive multiphase polymer blend carbon-based composites. Polym Eng Sci 54 1... 

It is known that carbon-black filled polymers conduct electric current only with the concentration of carbon black exceeding the threshold of percolation ((p ). In heterogeneous polymer blends carbon black is distributed nonuniformly between polymer phases. If the concentrations of carbon black in both phases of a blend are lower than (p, the blend can conduct electric current only subject to the condition that the part of carbon black is localized at the interface and its concentration here reaches the percolation threshold [12]. So if the concentration of carbon black in both phases of a blend is only slightly lower than (p, even a minor accumulation of carbon black at the interface confers conductivity on the polymer blend. This enables the extent of carbon black aggregation at the interface to be judged by the conductivity value. 

The polymer blend carbonization method will become an important tool for producing carbon membranes, with mixed-matrix materials, to overcome the challenges and limitations of membrane technology used in the gas separation industry. 

Ozaki J, Endo N, Ohizumi W, Igarashi K, Nakahara M, Ohya A, Yoshida S, lizuka T (1997) Novel preparation method for the production of mesoporous carbon fibre from a polymer blend. Carbon 35 (7) 1031-1033... 

Suarez-Garcia, F., Vilaplana-Ortego, E., Kunowsky, M., Kimura, M., Oya, A., Linares-Solano, A., 2009. Activation of polymer blend carbon nanofihres by alkaline hydroxides and their hydrogen storage performances. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 (22),... 

Immiscible HIPS/EVA polymer blends containing conductive carbon black were investigated as sensors for liquids [71 ]. In these blends, carbon black concentrates in the EVA phase, and carbon black filled blends exhibit a much higher conductivity than their unblended carbon... 

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