Blackhead

Nitropyrimidin-2-amine, Enheptin-P (1046), is effective in suppressive and curative therapy of a common protozoan infection known as enterohepatitis or blackhead in turkeys (50MI21303). However, it seems that less expensive analogues, e.g. amnitrozole (2-acetamido-5-nitrothiazole), are preferred now. The subject is reviewed (58MI21302). 

Sulfur was once quite common in acne medications, but while it was effective at reducing inflammatory lesions, it caused more whiteheads and blackheads, from which the inflammatory lesions form. For this reason, it is usually combined with something like salicylic acid, or resorcinol, to eliminate the comedones. 

Sulfur is used in acne medications to treat inflamed lesions (pimples). It can cause whiteheads and blackheads (comedones) if used by itself, so it is usually combined with salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, or resorcinol, which eliminates comedones. 

As an acne treatment, resorcinol has a keratolytic effect—it causes dead skin cells to slough off—which removes the top layer of skin and unclogs pores. It is often used with sulfur, to prevent the whiteheads and blackheads that may be a side effect when sulfur is used to treat inflamed pimples. 

Non-inflamed lesions are called comedones. Comedones may be microscopic (microcomedones) or evident to the eye as blackheads or whiteheads (Figs. 11.1,11.2). The microcomedo... 

Keratinization, the sloughing of epithelial cells in the hair follicle, is also a natural process. In acne, however, hyperkem-tinization occurs and causes increased adhesiveness of the sloughed cells. Accumulation of these cells clogs the hair follicle, blocks the flow of sebum, and forms an acne lesion called an open comedo or blackhead. ... 

Open comedo or "blackhead" a plugged follicle of sebum, keratinocytes, and bacteria that protrudes from the surface of the skin and appears black or brown in color. Although dark in color, blackheads do not indicate the presence of dirt, but rather an accumulation of melanin. 

Comedo (pi. comedones) Dermatitis Dermatitis herpetiformis Plug of dried sebum in the sebaceous duct blackhead Inflammation of the skin Dermatitis marked by grouped erythematous, papular, vesicular, pustular, or bullous lesions occurring in varied combinations... 

Mechanism of Action A retinoid that decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells. Increases turnover of follicular epithelial cells. Bacterial skin counts are not altered. Transdermal Exerts its effects on growth and differentiation of epithelial cells. Antineoplastic Induces maturation, decreases proliferation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells. Therapeutic Effect Causes expulsion of blackheads alleviates fine wrinkles, hyperpigmentation causes repopulation of bone marrow and blood by normal hematopoietic cells. 

Acne is a common skin condition, which consists of blackheads, white heads, and sometimes deeper boil-like lesions called nodules or cysts. It occurs during the teenage years in boys and girls. 

The salts of fatty acids (not naturally occurring) have long been known to have insecticidal properties. The most effective potassium salts center around oleate in the monounsaturated and saturated series, although potassium caprate (Cio) was especially active against Choristoneura occidentalis (Western spruce budworm) and Acleris gloverana (Western blackheaded budworm) (117). 

Furaltadone has been used primarily for treatment of poultry infected with salmonellosis, colibacillosis, coccidiosis, blackhead, and infectious synovitis at a dosage of 0.02-0.04% in the drinking water or feed for a maximum of 10 days. The drug has been also used in intramammary form to treat bovine mastitis at a dosage of 500 mg/quarter. 

A closely related disease, particularly in turkeys, is known as histomoniasis or blackhead, in which the liver is badly damaged by the attack of a protozoan... 

Aminonitrothiazole and nithiazide are both nitrothiazole derivatives (Fig. 5.7) used against histomoniasis by tlie poultry industry. Aminonitrothiazole is used both therapeutically and prophylactically against blackhead in turkeys treatment is achieved by administering feed medicated with aminonitrothiazole at the level of 0.1% for 14 days, and then reducing tlie level to 0.05% and continue feeding for a further 18 weeks. 

The above findings indicate that earthworms can provide a useful amount of protein for poultry. Concerns are that the earthworms may concentrate heavy metals and contaminants present in the soil and may act as intermediate hosts for cestode worms and disease vectors such as that causing blackhead in turkeys. This concern about disease spread is minimized in some tropical countries by collecting the earthworms and sun-drying them before feeding to poultry. 

Acne, characterized by skin eruptions commonly known as blackheads or whiteheads plus a variety of pustules, cysts, and pits on the skin surface, can be caused by exposure to chemicals. The most notable kind of chemically induced acne is chloracne, resulting from exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons. Of these, the most notorious is dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) ... 

While you re at it, squeeze every pimple, blackhead or whitehead you can find. 

Analgesic activity [163], control of histomoniasis (blackhead) in turkeys [153] Antialcohol drug [164, 165]... 

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