Black Orion

Treatment Dry Tenacity g/denier Wet Tenacity g/denier Dry Elongation (%) Wet Elongation (%) 

Source. Reprinted with permission from Houtz RC, J Text Res, 20 786-801, 1950. Copyright 1950, Textile Research Institute. 

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The details of so-called Black Orion production have been given in many papers. Also, the properties of carbonized polyacrylonitrile are well known because of which it is in demand especially as a component of composites, mainly because of its strength and high thermal resistance. 

Black Orion n. Orion (black), acrylic fiber. 

Soon after the development of polyacrylonitrile fibers by DuPont Company In the 1940 s, the remarkable thermal stability of this material was recognized. At the time, cellulosic fibers and FAN (homopolymer) fibers were the only fibrous substances which did not melt below their charring temperature and were, therefore, capable of retaining their fiber identity as carbon materials. Winter, of Union Carbide s National Carbon Co. Research Laboratories, Investigated DuPont s early FAN fibers as precursors for carbon fibers near the end of World War II some of these fibers had been thermally stabilized (apparently early versions of "black Orion ) by W. D. Coxe of DuPont [5]. 

The first public report that acrylic fibers could be rendered fireproof by heat-treating them in air or Inert atmosphere at 200°C was published by Houtz In 1950 [14]. The material was popularly called "black Orion". Several companies in the U.S. patented fireproofed fabrics based on this process, including DuPont, Johns-Hanvllle, and Carborundum [15], Various textile forms of this material are commercially available today [16]. 

PAN carbon fiber research, "black Orion", U.S.A. (5) Probably first carbon fibers from PAN... 

One of the most impressive changes in thermal stability known is that obtained by thermal treatment of poly (acrylonitrile). When poly(acrylonitrile) is heated to 250—275° in air it is simultaneously cyclized and oxidized to "Black Orion (42). 

Fig. 26. Combination of "dead-ends" to give Black Orion...

Phloroglucinol is listed in the Colourlndex as Cl Developer 19. It is particularly valuable in the dyeing of acetate fiber but also has been used as a coupler for azoic colors in viscose, Orion, cotton (qv), rayon, or nylon fibers, or in union fabrics containing these fibers (157). For example, cellulose acetate fabric is treated with an aromatic amine such as 0-dianisidine or a disperse dye such as hydroxyphenylazo-2-naphthylamine and the amine diazotizes on the fiber the fabric is then rinsed, freed of excess nitrite, and the azo color is developed in a phloroglucinol bath at pH 5—7. Depending on the diazo precursor used, intense blue to jet-black shades can be obtained with excellent light-, bleach-, and rubfastness. 

Below the black thread at the top, the fibers are acetate rayon (cellulose di- or triacetate, SEF (Monsanto s modacylic), Amel (cellulose triacetate), cotton, Creslan (polyacrylonitrile). Dacron 54 and 64 (polyester without and with a brightener), nylon 6.6 (polyamide), Orion 75 (polyacrylonitrile), silk (polyamide), polypropylene, viscose rayon (regenerated cellulose), and wool (polyamide). 

This is the well-known Horsehead nebula in the constellation Orion. It is made mostly of dust, plus some cold hydrogen gas, and it stands out in silhouette against a more distant mass of hot, luminous hydrogen. It is similar to the great black rift and the indistinct dark clouds which obscure great sections of the veil of stars in the Milky Way. 

Figure 15-9 Acid and alkaline errors of some glass electrodes. A Corning 015, HjSO. B Corning 015, HCi. C Corning 015, IMNa. D Beckman-GP, 1 M Na. E L N Black Dot, 1 M Na. F Beckman Type E, 1 M Na. G Ross electrode. [From R. G. Bates, Determination of pH Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. (New York Wiley, 1973). Ross electrode data is from Orion, Ross pH Electrode Instruction Manual.]...

Degussa (now known as Orion Engineered Carbon) is the third-largest carbon black... 

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