Bismuth toxic effect

Bismuth subsahcylate [14882-18-9] Pepto-Bismol, is a basic salt of varying composition, corresponding approximately to i9-H0CgH4C02(Bi0). Like a number of other insoluble bismuth preparations, it is not currentiy approved in the United States for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease but is under active investigation for this purpose (180). It does appear to be effective for the rehef of mild diarrhea and for the prevention of travelers diarrhea (181). The ready availabiUty of this dmg, however, may lead to its ovemse and result in toxic effects caused by both the saUcylate and bismuth components. It has been suggested that bismuth subsahcylate is somewhat effective in the symptomatic treatment of isosporiasis, a disease caused by the intracellular parasite Isospora belli (182). 

Due to the possible toxic effects of Hg, alternative electrodes have been sought, such as bismuth, which has recently been used by Kadara and Tothill [155,156] for the determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ at an SPCE. In this investigation, stripping chronopotentiometric measurements were carried out by depositing a metallic film of bismuth in situ with the target metal ions (lead and cadmium). A deposition potential was applied to preconcentrate the analytes, after which, a constant current was applied to strip the preconcentrated analytes until a limit of —0.2 V. The concentrations for Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the wastewater samples and acetic acid extracts of soils were quantified by the use of a multiple standard addition method. 

There does not appear to be an antidote of choice for bismuth toxicity in humans. Gastric lavage can be used within 1 h of exposure. Replace fluids and electrolytes. Monitor renal and liver function for several days and treat failure conventionally. The newer chelating agents, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and D,L-2,3-dimercapto-propane-l-sufonic acid, are being investigated experimentally as antidotes for bismuth toxicity, and the latter has been shown to be effective. In mice, D-penicillamine has proven effective. 

The mechanisms of bismuth toxicity have not been identified. Symptoms of bismuth poisoning include fever, weakness and rheumatism-like pain. Acute toxic effects, including renal failure, can develop following the ingestion of large concentrations of bismuth. Chronic exposure may cause gingivitis and black spots on the gums. 

Sommer S, Thorling EB, Jakobsen A, Steiness E, Ostergaard K (1989) Can bismuth decrease the kidney toxic effect of cis-platinum Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25 1903-1904... 

In examining metallic compounds that serve as supports for Pt and Pd catalysts, the metals and metallic compounds as catalyst support are only limited to a few elements. This is because some metals, such as lead, mercury, cadmium, bismuth, tin, zinc, copper and iron have a toxic effect on the catalyst, whereas light metals and alkaline earth metal compounds are without toxic for catalyst, and they can in some cases enhance the selectivity and activity of the catalysts. 

Lead and other heavy metals such as silver, copper, cadmium, lead and bismuth have been known to have toxic effects on humans and our environment since ancient time [3]. These metals have become mainstays in the electronic world in which we live. As a result, human and environmental exposure to these metals has increased significantly over the past several decades, leading to significant health concern and environmental degradation. Lead and other metals enter the environment and the human body through several routes, which environmental and health regulations seek to reduce or eliminate. 

Arsenic Peroxides. Arsenic peroxides have not been isolated however, elemental arsenic, and a great variety of arsenic compounds, have been found to be effective catalysts ia the epoxidation of olefins by aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Transient peroxoarsenic compounds are beheved to be iavolved ia these systems. Compounds that act as effective epoxidation catalysts iaclude arsenic trioxide, arsenic pentoxide, arsenious acid, arsenic acid, arsenic trichloride, arsenic oxychloride, triphenyl arsiae, phenylarsonic acid, and the arsenates of sodium, ammonium, and bismuth (56). To avoid having to dispose of the toxic residues of these reactions, the arsenic can be immobi1i2ed on a polystyrene resia (57). 

Bismuth subsalicylate is often used for treatment or prevention of diarrhea (traveler s diarrhea) and has antisecretory, antiinflammatory, and antibacterial effects. Bismuth subsalicylate contains multiple components that might be toxic if given in excess to prevent or treat diarrhea. 

The role of bismuth(III) salts as Lewis acids has only been studied since the late 1980 s. Pioneering work by Dubac, Wada and others paved the way to wide and general methods using bismuth(III) catalysts. The versatile use of bismuth salts in synthesis has clearly been highlighted by the increasing number of publications in the field. The low toxicity of bismuth salts, associated with low cost, make them attractive and practical catalysts to use. Synergistic effects with other Lewis acids have also been recently highlighted. 

Bismuth arsphenamine sulphonate (Bismarsen , Fig. 9) a yellow powder readily soluble in water, was first prepared by Raiziss in 1924 [70]. Stokes and Chambers [71] were the first to use the drug clinically, giving two injections a week for 14 weeks. Four such courses separated by intervals of a fortnight were administered in all. Nevertheless the effects were slow compared with the arsphenamines, although the tonic effect was greater and the side effects less numerous. Relapses, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS) were more frequent. Consequently, Rayburn and Boyd emphasized the fact that some individuals with neurosyphilis who were intolerant to arsenic in any other form could nevertheless tolerate it in the form of Bismarsen [72]. The low toxicity, the tonic effect, and the ease of administration were the chief advantages in favor of Bismarsen . The other compounds of bismuth with arsenic were not extensively tested in humans. 

Many studies on the direct reaction of methyl chloride with silicon-copper contact mass and other metal promoters added to the silicon-copper contact mass have focused on the reaction mechanisms.7,8 The reaction rate and the selectivity for dimethyldichlorosilane in this direct synthesis are influenced by metal additives, known as promoters, in low concentration. Aluminum, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, mercury, phosphorus, phosphine compounds34 and their metal complexes,35,36 Zinc,37 39 tin38-40 etc. are known to have beneficial effects as promoters for dimethyldichlorosilane formation.7,8 Promoters are not themselves good catalysts for the direct reaction at temperatures < 350 °C,6,8 but require the presence of copper to be effective. When zinc metal or zinc compounds (0.03-0.75 wt%) were added to silicon-copper contact mass, the reaction rate was potentiated and the selectivity of dimethyldichlorosilane was enhanced further.34 These materials are described as structural promoters because they alter the surface enrichment of silicon, increase the electron density of the surface of the catalyst modify the crystal structure of the copper-silicon solid phase, and affect the absorption of methyl chloride on the catalyst surface and the activation energy for the formation of dimethyldichlorosilane.38,39 Cadmium is also a structural promoter for this reaction, but cadmium presents serious toxicity problems in industrial use on a large scale.41,42 Other metals such as arsenic, mercury, etc. are also restricted because of such toxicity problems. In the direct reaction of methyl chloride, tin in... 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route. Experimental reproductive effects. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Bi and NO,. See also BISMUTH COMPOUNDS and NITRATES. 

This review describes factors concerning the safety and environmental effects of organic arsenic, antimony and bismuth compounds. The factors involve the production and use of the elements, toxicity, pollution, metabolism (alkylation), health effect assessment, fate and so on. 

In rats, the effects of various thiol compounds (mercaptopropionic acid, D-penicil-lamine, Ucysteine, DL-homocysteine, 2-mercaptoethylamine and mercaptoethane) on the absorption and elimination of bismuth subnitrate given orally were determined. All of the thiol substances, and particularly cysteine, homocysteine and mercaptopropionic acid, enhanced Bi absorption and elimination. Moreover, the acute toxicity of Bi was enhanced when Bi was given as a complex with cysteine (LDjq = 156mgkg ). Studies of and N NMR confirmed complexation of Bi and cysteine. The enhancement of the absorption, elimination and acute toxicity of Bi may be caused by the increases of solubility and permeability of Bi arising from complexation with thiol compounds. 

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