Bipolar current-voltage characteristics

Fig. 1 a Schematic diagram showing the Ip and Ea values of PFO relative to the work functions of common electrode materials used in PLEDs. The figures in brackets are the respective energies in eV. The optical gap energy g (2.95 eV) is also shown (taken from [12]). b Current density-voltage characteristics of a PEDOT/PFO/Au (hole-only device) and Ag/PFO/Ca (electron-only device). Bipolar device of ITO/PFO/Ca and PEDOT/PFO/Ca are also shown (taken from [13]). Note that PEDOT is the abbreviation of PEDOT PSS here... 

Reference 2 also describes the on-off characteristics of the power semiconductors used in the bridges e.g. diodes, thyristors, triads, gate turn-off thyristors and bipolar power transistors. Only the steady state operations of bridges are described herein. For such operations it is assumed that the load is well matched to the rating of the bridge. The remainder of this section is an introduction to the subject of harmonic voltages and currents that are caused by variable speed systems for DC and AC motors. It emphasises the main aspects that affect the supply power systems. 

The high-voltage, low-current characteristic of bipolar electrolyzers would seem to favor the economical design of a rectifier. Limiting the circuit voltage, however, normally prevents one from installing these electrolyzers in series. This limits the power demand of a cell circuit, and the use of rectifiers with low power ratings would add to the installed cost of the system. 

A digital signal processor (DSP) is used to monitor the input and output parameters of the APLC. The DSP then makes any needed adjustment in the amount of voltage compensation and current injection by modifying the switching characteristics of the insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in the APLC. 

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