Biosensor applications, biocompatibility

Carbon nanotubes are unique materials with specific properties [42]. There is a considerable application potential for using nanotubes in the biomedical field. However, when such materials are considered for application in biomedical implants, transport of medicines and vaccines or as biosensors, their biocompatibility needs to be established. Other carbon materials show remarkable long-term biocompatibility and biological action for use as medical devices. Preliminary data on biocompatibility of nanotubes and other novel nanostructured materials demonstrate that we have to pay attention to their possible adverse effects when then-biomedical applications are considered. 

Keywords bio-application, biocompatability, biosensor, carbon nanotube, direct electron transfer, electroconductivity, enzyme, functionalization, immobilization, quantum dot... 

The application of dendrimers in electrochemical biosensors is an emerging area of research. The structural homogeneity, biocompatibility, internal porosity, high surface area and ease of functionalization of dendrimers make them very desirable for biosensor applications. In the past ten years, there has been a steady and gradual development in the evaluation of the bionanocomposites of dendrimers for electrochemical sensors. The expanding interest in the development of novel electroactive dendrimers has enabled their viability for this application. 

The CNTs-fiUed polymer composites used as an implantable sensor that is capable of transmitting information extracorporeaUy. Such a sensor made real-time date related to the physiological relevant parameters such as pH, O2 concentration, and glucose level available. In addition, the good biocompatibility with high electrical and electrochemical sensitivity assisted implantable biosensor applications (Qi et al. 2013a, b, c). The early research found that CNTs-fiUed polymer composites are able... 

Biocompatibility of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Polymer Membranes for Biosensor Applications... 

Cell culture techniques have been used extensively in biocompatibility studies involving polymeric materials (14-17), Cell culture systems have been shown to be highly sensitive to toxic moieties and well correlated with animal studies (75-77). We have adapted these techniques as described below in order to investigate the in vitro biocompatibility of Nafion polymer. The results presented here represent the progress to date on continuing studies directed toward characterizing the properties of N on polymer for biosensor applications. 

Recently, the potential of these disordered systems for performing complex functions in biomedical applications has become increasingly visible, whether as drug-release systems, biosensors, or biocompatible encapsulation devices. It seems likely that biomedicine will become the focus for major developments and the driving force for research into gels in the coming years. It is for this reason that this volume is particularly timely. 

Current research concentrates on improving biosensor sensitivity (through the use of mediators and enzymatic amplification) and selectivity (through the use of immunoagents). Their use comes up against many unresolved technical problems and a number of factors remain to be investigated, for example, miniaturization for in-vivo applications, biocompatibility, stability, and response time. The next steps will be decisive and the competition is very stiff. A large number... 

Biocompatible nanosized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer films provided a suitable microenvironment for heme proteins to transfer electron directly with underlying pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The Mb-PAMAM film can catalytically reduced oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite, indicating that the potential applicability of the film can be used to fabricate a new type of biosensor or bioreactor based on the direct electron transfer of Mb [234],... 

For several reasons, most applications of chemo- and biosensors require flow through devices, for example in allowing analysis of samples from multiple sources, removing flow sensitivities, avoiding sterilization and biocompatibility problems, enabling recalibration or performing bioanalytical assays. 

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