Biomimetics systems, characterized

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are useful components for biomimetic systems. They form well-characterized inclusion complexes with many organic compounds via hydrophobic interactions and possess a large number of alcohol groups that can serve as catalytic groups or can be used to attach other functional groups. A large number of biomimetic catalytic reactions using native or modified CDs were described."""... 

A CRO may also allow for the in-house introduction of specialized lipophilic scales by transferring routine measurements. While the octanol-water scale is widely applied, it may be advantageous to utilize alternative scales for specific QSAR models. Solvent systems such as alkane or chloroform and biomimetic stationary phases on HPLC columns have both been advocated. Seydel [65] recently reviewed the suitabihty of various systems to describe partitioning into membranes. Through several examples, he concludes that drug-membrane interaction as it relates to transport, distribution and efficacy cannot be well characterized by partition coefficients in bulk solvents alone, including octanol. However, octanol-water partition coefficients will persist in valuable databases and decades of QSAR studies. 

Balazsi, C., Konya, Z., Weber, F., Biro, L.P. and Arato, P., Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube reinforced silicon nitride composites , Materials Science and Engineering, C Biomimetic and Supramolecular Systems, 2003, C23, 1133-1137. 

The goal of diiron model chemistry is to develop small molecule systems that accurately reproduce spectroscopic, structural, and more ambitiously, reactivity aspects of driron metaUoproteins. Despite being structurally similar, diiron enzymes carry out a variety of catalytic processes see Iron Proteins with Dinuclear Active Sites)Advancements in the synthesis and characterization of small molecule mimics for nonheme diiron enzymes have been tremendous in the last decade. Biomimetic studies have been carried out in efforts to reproduce the structural and functional aspects of these biocatalysts. Although this has been a challenging endeavor, much information regarding the structural and mechanistic aspects of catalytic intermediates has been obtained. 

To date the few structurally characterized biomimetic extradiol-cleaving systems are all five-coordinate iron(III)... 

The transient nature of spectroscopically detected reaction intermediates in the reaction cycle of nonheme di-iron enzymes makes it difficult to obtain detailed structural information. Characterization of biomimetic 62-adducts derived from synthetic systems facilitates our understanding of the electronic and geometric structures of their biological counterparts. Within synthetic platforms, (peroxo)di-iron(III) species can be accessed either by oxygenation of mono- or di-iron(II) complexes or by reaction of di-iron(III) complexes with hydrogen peroxide. Formation of high-valent iron(III)iron(IV) species proceeds either via biomimetic one-electron reduction of the (peroxo)di-iron(III) core or by one-electron chemical oxidation of a di-iron(III) precursor. Decomposition of an alkylperoxoiron(III) adduct can afford a di-iron(IV) species. 

The previous section discussed the design, syntiiesis, and characterization of different types of GNPs. These systems constitute a good biomimetic model for carbohydrate presentation at the cell surface, and have therefore been used as biofunctional nanomaterials in several fields of glycobiology and biotechnology. GNPs have been widely applied not only for study of carbohydrate-mediated interactions, but also as biolabels or biosensors, and in vivo imaging experiments. 

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