Biomedical dental implants

Biomedical. Heart-valve parts are fabricated from pyrolytic carbon, which is compatible with living tissue. Such parts are produced by high temperature pyrolysis of gases such as methane. Other potential biomedical apphcations are dental implants and other prostheses where a seal between the implant and the living biological surface is essential. Plasma and arc-wire sprayed coatings are used on prosthetic devices, eg, hip implants, to achieve better bone/tissue attachments (see Prosthetic and BiOLffiDiCALdevices). 

Hydrophobicity of biomedical polymers influences the biocompatibility depending on the particular application such as tissue engineering, blood contacting devices, and dental implants [35]. Polymers are dynamic structures and can switch their surface functional groups depending on the environment. For example, polymeric biomaterials need to have a hydrophilic smface for most of the applications, so that the cell-adhesive proteins present in the serum will be adsorb and promote cell adhesion and proliferation. This is achieved by snrface treatment procedures such as... 

Biomedical applications require a material with good strength, fatigue-resistance, high erosion resistance, chemical inertness, and compatibility with blood and tissues. Isotropic pyrolytic carbon meets these criteria and is used extensively in biomedical devices such as heart valves and dental implants where Its performance is superiorto other forms of carbon such as pyrolytic graphite or vitreous carbon.PSJ... 

Some biomedical applications Catheters, scaffolds,... Biosensors,... Surgical tools, lead bering prostheses Stents, dental implants, radioactive seeds,... 

Fig. 12. Histological image of an ion implanted dental implant (xl2). Reproduced with permission from Lifenova Biomedical.

Chemical inertness makes ceramics ideal for biomedical applications such as orthopedic prostheses and dental implants. 

The chemical and topographical characteristics of surfaces have profoimd effects on cellular, tissue, and host responses to synthetic materials [11, 31]. Consequently, surface modifications of chemistry and roughness have been introduced to improve performance in virtually all materials used in biotechnological [e.g., tissue culture and enzyme-linked immimosorbent assay (ELISA) plates, gene and protein array chips, bioseparation and bioprocess matrices] and biomedical (e.g., vascular grafts, orthopedic and dental implants, biosensors, catheters) appUcations. This review focuses on interfaces controlling cell-biomaterial adhesive interactions via manipulations of material surface chemistry to modulate protein adsorption and activity. 

In recent times, titanium has become a biomaterial of choice for musculoskeletal implants, such as artificial hip and knee prostheses screws, plates, nails, and intramedullar fixation devices and dental implants." " Titanium and its alloys are recognized within the biomaterials because of their excellent biocompatibility and high chemical inertness of the oxide that covers their surfaces, as well as their mechanical and their osseointegration properties that promote their regular use in biomedical applications." " ... 

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