Biomaterials use

Keeley, F.W., Bellingham, C.M., and Woodhouse, K.A., Elastin as a self-organising biomaterial Use of recombinantly expressed human elastin polypeptides as a model system for investigations of structure and self-assembly of elastin, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 357, 185-189, 2002. 

Successful applications of materials in medicine have been experienced in the area of joint replacements, particularly artificial hips. As a joint replacement, an artificial hip must provide structural support as well as smooth functioning. Furthermore, the biomaterial used for such an orthopedic application must be inert, have long-term mechanical and biostability, exhibit biocompatibility with nearby tissue, and have comparable mechanical strength to the attached bone to minimize stress. Modem artificial hips are complex devices to ensure these features. 

Photoswitchable antigen/antibody (substrate/ receptor) complexes 1. Reversible immunosensors 2. Patterning of surfaces with biomaterials using antigen/antibody-biomaterial conjugates (Design of biosensor arrays, biochips) 1. Immobilization of systems on electronic transducers (electrodes, piezoelectric crystals, FET) or the assembly of biomaterials on inert supports by non-covalent interactions (eg. glass, polymers)... 

TESTING BIOMATERIALS USING HUMAN PRIMARY CELL CULTURES 207... 

Literature analysis and our preliminary experiments with proteins, carbohydrates and other molecules deposited on the surface of nanosilicas suggest that newly developed MALDI MS techniques, in particular Surface MALDI MS, can be adopted as a powerful new tool for surface analysis. Unique capabilities that surpass established techniques in surface analysis of biomaterials using these newly developed methods is an exciting development. 

Owing to the complexity of the biomaterials used, it is possible that at least some of these mechanisms are acting simultaneously to varying extents, depending on the biosorbent and the solution environment. 

Resulting poly(a-hydroxyacids) are important biomaterials used as resorbable sutures and prostheses [196]. The mechanism of polymerization is not well established. Polymerization may be initiated with Lewis acids (SbF3, ZnCl2, SnCl4) however, other typical cationic initiators (e.g, triethyloxonium or triphenylcarbenium salts) fail to initiate polymerization [197]. Thus, it is not clear whether polymerization proceeds by typical cationic mechanism or rather involves the coordination mechanism. The chain transfer to polymer resulting in transesterification was postulated [198,199] and confirmed later by detailed, 3C NMR studies of lactide copolymers [200]. 

Drobny GP, Long JR, Karlsson T, et al. Structural studies of biomaterials using doublequantum solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2003 54 531-571. Epub 2002, 21 Mar. 

Nosko, M.G. and L.D. Frenkel, Biomaterials used in neurosurgery, in R.S. Greco, Implantation Biology. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 1994. 

Broadly speaking, biomaterials used as supporting matrix for tissue repair applications must meet two requirements mechanical and structural similarity to the target tissues, and appropriate interactions with cells [5]. Synthetic biopolymers have attracted much attention because they display mechanical properties and degradation behaviors more suitable for some applications than their natural counterparts mentioned above. However, the synthetic biopolymers have disadvantages such as hydrophobicity and poor cell affinity as well as lack of biological responses [81]. It is a simple but effective strategy to combine synthetic biopolymers with... 

Rubin, J. P. et al.. Complications and toxicities of implantable biomaterials used in facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery a comprehensive review of the literature. Blast. Reconstr. Surg., 100, 1336, 1997. 

The use of biomaterials as carriers for tumor immimotherapy may provide the platform to introduce an array of macromolecules and cytokines necessary to elicit a vigorous immunologic response. The ease of utilizing these systems near or at the time of tumor diagnosis and/or debulking when burden is lowest may improve clinical response and decrease patient morbidity. From a practical standpoint, many of the conventional biomaterials used in the clinics are easy to prepare, modify, and store. Thus, they can be tailored to meet specific requirements based on route of administration and duration of response. 

The antibacterial activity of copolymers of nanostructured polynaphthylamine with polyaniline (PANI) and o-toluidine exhibit greater antibacterial activity than pristine PANI. The antimicrobial effects of these kinds of copolymers make them useful ingredients for biomaterials used in food packaging and medical devices. 

In spite of the desirable characteristics of the biomaterials used in the heart valve prostheses, problems with thrombo-embolic complications are significant with implanted valves and patients with mechanical valves are under long-term anticoagulant therapy. The mechanical stresses induced by the flow of blood across the valve prostheses have been finked to the lysis and activation of fornied elements of blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) resulting in the deposition of thrombi in regions with... 

TABLE 44.2 Biomaterial Used in Heart Valve Prostheses [Shim and Lenker, 1988 Dellsperger and Chandran, 1988]... 

R 15 D.M. Jonas, Two-Dimensional Femtosecond Spectroscopy , p. 425 R 16 G.P. Drobny, J.R. Long, T. Karlsson, W. Shaw, J. Popham, N. Oyler, P. Bower, J. Stringer, D. Gregory, M. Mehta and P.S. Stayton, Structural Studies of Biomaterials Using Double-Quantum Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy , p. 531... 

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