Biomass treatment

Fig. 3.95. Chromatogram of H-acid in the ultrafiltration permeate from the anaerobic reactor injection volume 20 /A, retention time 9.39 min, concentration 0.02 g/1 original, 0.25 g/1 after 11 h biomass treatment. Reprinted with permission from A. Rehorek et al. [155].

A biological step is always necessary to remove the carbonaceous fraction from the influent wastewater suspended biomass treatments are the most common. These entail long SRTs (>25-30 d), and compartmentalization of the biological reactor is necessary for the removal of recalcitrant compounds. Furthermore, as many micro-pollutants tend to adsorb/absorb to the biomass flocks, efficient solid/ liquid separation can greatly improve their removal from wastewater and, at the same time, guarantee consistently good effluent quality. MBRs have been suggested for this purpose by many authors [9, 58, 80, 93], some of whom found that ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are more efficient than MF membranes [9, 93]. 

Measuring biomass Treatments of wastewaters, oceanography studies... 

Biomass treatment in supercritical water. The way from total oxidation to the gasification... 

AHSTRACT Modelling and computing of thermal biomass treatment processes involving thick layers requires that the gas permeability and hydraulic resistance of such layers be known. The paper presents the results of experimental research into the hydraulic resistance of the thick layer comprised of two biomass varieties sunflower husks and sawdust. The research was conducted within the range of Re alteration from 5-70, and layer porosity change 0.2-0.7,... 

Integration of Furfural Production with Other Biomass Treatment Methods... 

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

Direct hydrohquefaction of biomass or wastes can be achieved by direct hydrogenation of wood chips on treatment at 10,132 kPa and 340 to 350°C with water and Raney nickel catalyst (45). The wood is completely converted to an oily Hquid, methane, and other hydrocarbon gases. Batch reaction times of 4 hours give oil yields of about 35 wt % of the feed the oil contains about 12 wt % oxygen and has a heating value of about 37.2 MJ /kg (16,000 Btu/lb). Distillation yields a significant fraction that boils in the same range as diesel fuel and is completely miscible with it. 

Thermochemical Liquefaction. Most of the research done since 1970 on the direct thermochemical Hquefaction of biomass has been concentrated on the use of various pyrolytic techniques for the production of Hquid fuels and fuel components (96,112,125,166,167). Some of the techniques investigated are entrained-flow pyrolysis, vacuum pyrolysis, rapid and flash pyrolysis, ultrafast pyrolysis in vortex reactors, fluid-bed pyrolysis, low temperature pyrolysis at long reaction times, and updraft fixed-bed pyrolysis. Other research has been done to develop low cost, upgrading methods to convert the complex mixtures formed on pyrolysis of biomass to high quaHty transportation fuels, and to study Hquefaction at high pressures via solvolysis, steam—water treatment, catalytic hydrotreatment, and noncatalytic and catalytic treatment in aqueous systems. 

Other appHcations of firefly hioluminescence include measurement of the activity of bacteria in secondary sewage treatment activated sludge (296,297), detection of bacteria in clean rooms and operating rooms, measurement of bacteria in bottled foods, beverages (298), and pharmaceuticals (299), determination of the antimicrobial activity of potential dmgs (300), determination of the viabiHty of seeds (301), and measuring marine biomass concentrations as a function of ocean depth or geographical location (302). 

Fig. 11. Aerobic biological treatment, where Sq = initial organic concentration and Xq = initial biomass concentration (—...

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