Biomass terrestrial production

As known, hydrothermal processes have been successfully used for conversion of organic wastes to fuels or useful materials, for example, biocrude oil, hydrogen, glucose, lactic acid, acetic acid, and amino acids [14,46,47]. Among these chemicals, acetic acid is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical which is widely used for the production of poly(ethylene terephthalate), cellulose acetate, and poly(vinyl acetate). As a stable and recoverable intermediate, it can be produced from biomass, terrestrial plants, and microalgae during the process of hydrothermal treatment [48,49]. 

Terrestrial biomass is divided into a number of subreservoirs with different turnover times. Forests contain approximately 90% of all carbon in living matter on land but their NPP is only 60% of the total. About half of the primary production in forests yields twigs, leaves, shrubs, and herbs that only make up 10% of the biomass. Carbon in wood has a turnover time of the order of 50 years, whereas turnover times of carbon in leaves, flowers, fruits, and rootlets are less than a few years. When plant material becomes detached from the living, plant carbon is moved from the phytomass reservoir to litter. "Litter" can either refer to a layer of dead plant material on the soil or all plant materials not attached to a living plant. A litter layer can be a... 

One reason why interest in aquatic biomass has developed so rapidly, and with such driving force, is that algae are better converters of solar energy (T = 6-8% under natural conditions, up to 9-10% in bioreactors) than are terrestrial plants (T = 1.5—2.2%), and also have a better potential for fuel production diversification... 

When considering biomass as a source of chemical feedstock, it is also important to remember that it is not a homogeneous organic structure. The carbohydrate structures of terrestrial plants are composed of both five-carbon and six-carbon sugar polymers. The lignin component, which binds the polymers together, is an aromatic polymer of nominally propyl-methoxyphenols. In addition, there are proteins and fatty acids/oils, as well as the trace biocomponents that incorporate much of the mineral content. Therefore, processing biomass to chemical products must take into consideration both its bulk chemical structure and its components. 

Historic Terrestrial Biomass Contemporary Biomass Historic Soil Carbon Contemporary Soil Carbon Net Carbon Flux From Land Biosphere Since 1800 Gross Annual Terrestrial Plant CO2 Uptake Net Primary Production Annual Tropical Forest Area Conversion (1970-1980) Annual Net Carbon Flux From Land Conversion (1970-1980)... 

The simplest path to this target is presumably indirect, but close at hand. The most effective and cost-free CO2 collector is Mother Nature herself, and she is also the most massive sink for carbon. A rough estimate of the terrestrial biomass production (not including the contributions of oceans) amounts to 120 Gt/year as dry matter, these are approximately 60 Gt bound carbon or 220 Gt sequestered CO2 per year [1, 2], The natural CO2 cycle is therefore still one order of magnitude larger than the anthropogenic one, except that nature has been in equilibrium for hundreds of millions of years. This perpetuated binding and liberation of CO2 can indeed serve as the role model for future chemistry. 

Because of the enormous biomass of mites such as oribatids, their peculiar natural products might be more abundant in unrelated animals of terrestrial ecosystems.126 So, the chemistry of skin alkaloids in poisonous frogs often reflects their recent arthropod diet such as oribatids and ants.126 Moreover, several ants might be specialized on certain oribatid mites,127 whereas certain mites often prefer food such as pigmented fungal hyphae.126 Since alkaloids in scheloribatid mites are not present in larvae but found only in adults,121 the compounds might be either biosynthesized by adult mites or sequestered by adult mites from their fungal food. 

The primary production of biomass, which is narrowly defined as materials of terrestrial plant origin (7), is about 172 billion tons/ycar on land of which... 

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