Biomass production, indicator

Because of the role these algae play in the oceans biological productivity and their impacts on climate due to the removal of carbon dioxide, satellite sensors have been employed to measure the chlorophyll a contents in oceans, lakes, and seas to indicate the distribution and abundance of biomass production in these water bodies. Detection is set at the specific reflectance and absorption wavelengths of the light from the upper layer of the ocean where photosynthesis occurs. 

Broccoli production. Table II shows results for the different treatments tested in summer 1983. All the parameters (mean number of har-vestable heads, mean diameter of the inflorescence, and total biomass produced) indicate that growth of broccoli was stimulated by cam-pestris. 

Fig. 1. Batch growth and antibody production of Nicotiana tabacum (BY-1) cells in terms of pg 1 1 protein, wet cell concentrations, and dry cell concentrations. Dashed vertical lines represent the boundaries between lag, exponential, and stationary growth phases. The 4-day offset between peak concentrations for biomass and protein product indicates that growth and product formation are not directly linked...

Figure 16.20 Nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N P) ratios at Station ALOHA. (A) Depth profiles of N P forinorganic (NO3 P04 ) and total (TDN TDP) pools showing fundamentally different depth trends relative to the 16N 1P Redfield ratio, which is shown as a vertical dashed line in each plot. The elevated N P (>16) for the total dissolved pool, especially in the upper 100 m of the water column, indicates an excess of N relative to the P requirements for biomass production, if all DON and DOP are biologically available.The middle plot shows the depth dependence for the stoichiometric relationships if the DON and DOP pools are corrected for residual deep water concentrations (DON = 2.23 pM and DOP = 0.04 pM, respectively) to remove the contribution of the recalcitrant pools. After this correction, the near-surface N P appears to converge near the Redfield ratio with a broader envelope of values near the surface. This stoichiometry of the DOM pool may be an important factor in the selection for, or against, N2 fixing microorganisms. From Karl et al. (2001a).

This result indicates, that functional groups (Cramer et al., 1998) and species richness (Hector et al., 1999) may not be driving biomass production, but the presence of certain genera or species, we may call them keystone species (Bond, 1994), determines the NPP of a system. 

The redox and carbon balances were used to determine the amount of carbon in the form of ethanol loss by stripping off to the gas phase. Lactic acid production at steady state conditions was less than 0.03 g/g thus, it was excluded from carbon and redox balance calculations. For biomass production, biomass yield of 0.045 g/g was assumed [15, 16] with biomass composition CH155N0.23O0.45 [17]. When growing the strain in batch culture, the carbon balance was almost closed (SD 2%), indicating that no other end products are formed than that included in redox and carbon balances. 

In Skogaby, irrigation increased biomass production by 150% when compared with control in the period 1987-1993, indicating that water was still a growth-stimulating factor at this site despite high aimual precipitation. An additional increased biomass production of 33% was due to IF (Table 2). 

Hardwoods have been preferred for intensive plantation management because of their sprouting capability and the fast growth of these sprouts for the first 10-20 years, as compared to conifers.There are exceptions, however, where conifers may be more desirable. Williford et al. (2Q) reported loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to be superior in biomass production on many sites in the south. Studies by the U.S. Forest Service at Rhinelander, Wisconsin, indicate conifers may have advantages under certain site conditions ( ). For example, jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is well adapted to the North, has few serious insect and disease problems, and is less demanding of nutrients and moisture than many hardwoods. 

To test for equilibrium conditions, the demand estimates for each major feedstock are compared with the supply quantity estimate obtained earlier. On the first iteration through this procedure, supply-demand mismatches possibly will occur for various feedstocks and at various time periods. These discrepancies indicate that the equilibrium feedstock prices have not been accurately estimated and that adjustments must be made. If the calculated demand for a particular feedstock exceeds the quantity available at the estimated feedstock price level, for example, then the estimated price is too low and should be adjusted upward. On the next iteration through the procedure, one of the effects of this adjustment will be to make a larger feedstock supply available, as determined by the appropriate biomass resource curve. Another effect will be to push the biomass product prices... 

For this study, the costs of three feedstocks were varied from 25 to 50% higher or lower than the published base case feedstock costs. The optimum profits were then calculated using the same feedstock availability, product demand, and product selling prices as the base case. Figure II summarizes the results of the calculation. The figure indicates that the optimum profits are indeed very sensitive to feedstock cost changes and that continued improvement of biomass production and collection techniques is very desirable to improve total profit. 

The shapes of the plots for substrate consumption and biomass production, as well as both the entries in the underlying spreadsheet and equations (D) and (H) of this illustration, indicate that not only is the rate of growth of the microorganism exponential but so too is the rate at which the mass of substrate present declines. 

After establishing the optimal medium and the growth temperature, the 4 species were evaluated for biomass production and COD and BOD5 reduction. The species were cultured in liquid vinasse medium at 32°C with agitation. The results varied significantly between species (Table 4). Two groups were separated 1 the Tuk test for biomass production and BODs reduction. As radial growth measurements had low correlation to the dry biomass data, they could not be used as an indicator for others assays in liquid medium however, the correlation of 0.7 between COO and BODs reduction, enabled the estimation of BODs reduction by that of COD. 

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