Surface modification biological methods

Szunerits, S. and R. Boukherroub. Diamond nanoparticles. A review of selected surface modification. Methods for bioconjngation, biology and medicine, in Applied Surface Chemistry of Nanomaterials, M. M. Chehimi, 1. Pinson (Eds.), Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, 2013, pp. 3-32. 

As an extension to this surface-modification method, researchers have utilized plasma polymerization of acrylic acid to immobilize biologically active molecules, such as recombinant human bone formation protein-2 (rhBMP-2). rhBMP-2 is a signaling molecule that promotes bone formation by osteoinduction that has been utilized for various orthopedic tissue-engineering applications (Kim et al., 2013). One research group modified a PCL scaffold surface with plasma-polymerized acrylic acid (PPAA) and rhBMP-2 via electrostatic interactions (Kim et al., 2013) (which is outside of the scope of this chapter). This interesting approach may be apphed to the surface modification of solid fillers and provide additional benefits compared to the surface-modification techniques currently utihzed in orthopedic polymeric biocomposite development. The acrylic acid and rhBMP-2-modifled surface showed improved cell attachment and adhesion compared to the surface with acrylic acid alone. The ability to modify the surface of a solid-filler particle in a polymeric biocomposite with a bioactive molecule, such as rhBMP-2, provides a delivery vehicle for the bioactive molecule to the polymeric biocomposite and the eventual implantation site of this biomaterial. Such surface-modification and immobihzation approaches may provide a method to control the release kinetics of attached molecules to the localized bone-defect site. 

Surface modification of living cells has been the subject of study for a variety of biological applications such as imaging, transfection, and control of cell surface interactions [6-8]. Several processes have been proposed to achieve modification they can be mainly divided into direct and metabolic immobilization methods. For direct cell surface immobilization, lipophilic anchors [9-11], chemical immobilization [12,13], ligand-receptor interactions [14], and fusion [15,16] have been performed, as shown in Fig. 5.3.1. 

Surface modification of polymeric biomaterials is becoming an increasingly popular method to improve material multifunctional, biological... 

The understanding of the interactions which take place between a material surface and the components of the biological system is an important requirement of biomaterial development. The uppermost atomic layers of a biomaterial, which present characteristic chemical structural parameters and physical properties, define the contact surface. An important contribution to biomaterial development is, therefore, made by surface-sensitive analytical methods [71] which allow the surface modifications to the biomaterial to be proved. 

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