Biological materials, substances from

These designed methods will allow hereinafter development of the high-performance remedies, using biologically active substances from Arctium lappa L. root. Identification of stmcture and quality contents allows to obtain correct prediction of phamiacological properties of this groups of compounds. Express method allows to make supply of medical herb raw material more rational. 

Equally a biochemist was Friedrich Wohler, who, in 1828, synthesized the biological material urea from the non-biological cyanic acid and ammonia, thereby settling a debate as old as alchemy itself, by providing the first unassailable evidence that the substances present in living organisms are chemical entities which differ from those in the chemist s reagent bottles only in their complexity, and not by the introduction of any mysterious hypothesis of the nature of life . 

Frequently it is necessary to determine the electrical properties of electrolytes and biological materials. Actually, from an electrical point of view, all biological substances can be treated as electrolytes. 

The posterior lobe of the pituitary, ie, the neurohypophysis, is under direct nervous control (1), unlike most other endocrine organs. The hormones stored in this gland are formed in hypothalamic nerve cells but pass through nerve stalks into the posterior pituitary. As early as 1895 it was found that pituitrin [50-57-7] an extract of the posterior lobe, raises blood pressure when injected (2), and that Pitocin [50-56-6] (Parke-Davis) causes contractions of smooth muscle, especially in the utems (3). Isolation of the active materials involved in these extracts is the result of work from several laboratories. Several highly active posterior pituitary extracts have been discovered (4), and it has been deterrnined that their biological activities result from peptide hormones, ie, low molecular weight substances not covalendy linked to proteins (qv) (5). 

In the case of radioactive materials contained in living organisms, an additional consideration is made for the reduction in observed activity due to regular processes of elimination of the respective chemical or biochemical substance from the organism. This introduces a rate constant called the biological half-life (Tbioi) which is the time required for biological processes to eliminate one-half of the activity. This time is virtually the same for both stable and radioactive isotopes of any given element. 

Biosorption is a property of both living and dead organisms and may be simply defined as the removal of substances from solution by biological material. Such substances can be organic and... 

The identification and structural characterization of biological materials, obtained for example from plants, was traditionally carried out via the classical sequence involving extraction, separation, isolation and characterization, a sequence which requires large amounts of substance and a great deal of time. Industrial problems, for example the search for small amounts of contaminants in industrial products or in waste water, also require intensive analytical studies. 

Fire To control small fires use dry chemical, sand, soda ash or lime or fight fire around the biological agent or weapon with normal fire extinguishing materials, but do not spread or scatter infectious substance. If without risk, move any containers containing anthrax or any other infectious substance from the area of the fire. 

The analysis of X-ray contrast agents has not been described in too much detail in the hterature. Only scattered data for individual compounds can be found. In the following paragraphs, we will concentrate both on the determination of physicochemical characteristics, which allow for a classification of different contrast agents, e.g. into high and low-osmolar substances, and on the separation from by-products or biological material and on the determination of concentrations. Structural aspects of iodinated contrast agents have been described by Toennessen et al. [81]. 

The size and quality of the batch of bulk chemical or biological material that will be formulated for the first study in man are critical to the expeditious transfer from animals to man. Required details of the drug substance are shown in Box 4.6. Wherever possible, the same batch that has been used for toxicology should be used for the human... 

Materials obtained from biological substances via genetic engineering. 

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