Biological expression chemical structures

Phannaceutical products must demonstrate and maintain established public standards for attributes that relate to their safety or effectiveness. In the United States these attributes are expressed as identity (e.g., chemical structure), strength (e.g., assay, content uniformity), quality (e.g., combination of certain physical, chemical, and biological attributes), purity (e.g., limits on impurities and degradation products), and potency (e.g., biological activity, bioavailability, bioequivalence) [10]. Public standards serve as one of several mechanisms for minimizing the risk of product-related injuries. In principle these standards should reflect the current state of scientific understanding and ensure and promote the development of high-quality products. 

Owing to the weakness of carbohydrate receptor-protein interactions, in order to attain biological meaningful affinities for the receptor, carbohydrates very often need to be clustered and expressed in multiple copies. For this purpose glycodendrimers, which are multivalent glycoconjugates with well-defined chemical structures, have received recent attention for their considerable potential as tools for studying cell-surface protein-carbohydrate interactions, because of the affinity enhancement obtained by multivalency. 

Figure 5.4 Bioinformatics challenges and biological complexity. The focus of bioinformatics (red) in interpreting molecular expression data depends on the level of biological complexity (blue)—here shown progressing from genes/proteins/metabolites to networks and systems. For toxicology/pathology the focus is on phenotypic anchors— observed biological responses that can be related to the chemical structure of the test agent or exposure.

Principle 3 defines an applicability domain that refers to the response and chemical structure space in which the model makes predictions with a given reliability. Ideally the applicability domain should express the structural, physicochemical, and response space of the model. The chemical structure space can be expressed by information on physicochemical properties and/or structural fragments. The response can be any physicochemical, biological, or environmental effect that is being predicted. 

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