Biological Attributes

Gregorich EG, Carter MR, Doran JW, Pankhurst CE, Dwyer LM (1997a) Biological attributes of soil quality. In Gregorich EG, Carter MR (eds) Soil quality for crop production and ecosystem health. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp... 

Phannaceutical products must demonstrate and maintain established public standards for attributes that relate to their safety or effectiveness. In the United States these attributes are expressed as identity (e.g., chemical structure), strength (e.g., assay, content uniformity), quality (e.g., combination of certain physical, chemical, and biological attributes), purity (e.g., limits on impurities and degradation products), and potency (e.g., biological activity, bioavailability, bioequivalence) [10]. Public standards serve as one of several mechanisms for minimizing the risk of product-related injuries. In principle these standards should reflect the current state of scientific understanding and ensure and promote the development of high-quality products. 

However, this effect of paclitaxel was found to be dependent on the drug dose and cell type (49,50). A number of studies have demonstrated that paclitaxel has several biologic attributes that are critical to the cascade of events involved in preventing restenosis, Paclitaxel was shown to inhibit SMC proliferation over a broad concentration range (0.01 — 10,000 ng/mL) without causing cell death or apoptosis (49,51). A comparison of human coronary artery SMCs and HL60 leukemia cells showed that paclitaxel did not induce apoptosis in SMCs at concentrations as high as 10,000 ng/mL (Fig. 4) (49). 

Interest in the thermodynamic properties of these heterocycles is focused on their biological attributes. Typical of this activity is a study of the conformational restrictions of sangivamicin, and its analogues, and their correlation with inhibitory activity of protein kinase C <93CPB775>. 

Changes in polymorphic state as a result of the employment of different crystallization conditions and the influence of these polymorphic states on stability and biological attributes of dosage forms have been receiving focused attention of many researchers. However, not much importance seems to have been... 

The optimum dosage form is chosen for development based on physical, chemical, or biological attributes of a new compound. 

Knowledge of the principles underlying the fate and transport of chemicals in the environment allows problems ranging from local to global scales to be defined and analyzed. This first chapter presents fundamental concepts that apply universally to any environmental medium. The subsequent three chapters focus on surface waters, the subsurface environment, and the atmosphere, respectively see Fig. 1-1 for a diagram of some of the interrelationships among these media. In each chapter, each medium is discussed in terms of its basic physical, chemical, and biological attributes then the fate and the transport of introduced chemicals are considered. 

List five biological attributes that cau be predicted aud five that cauuot. Justify each. 

Pyridazines [13] such as 6 were discovered from a combination of structural features derived from indazoles and semicarbazones such as 3 and 5 (Fig. 29.4.5). The pyridazines were some of the most potent analogs evaluated at DuPont. Activity in the laboratory was observed below 1 ppm, which was significantly better than insecticide standards. Compound 6 was in fact the most potent compound evaluated, with excellent field performance on Lepidoptera. Pyridazines, however, lacked acceptable soil residual properties. This problem was solved by introduction of the oxygen found in oxadiazines such as 7 (Fig. 29.4.6). This newest class of sodium channel blockers produced indoxacarb [14] following extensive optimization of chemical and biological attributes. 

Molecular descriptors are any parameter used in the development of either a SAR or QSAR to model any type of property under investigation e.g., molecular structure, logPwith some type of biological attribute or response e.g., toxicity, LC50, carcinogenicity, etc.). A plethora of potential property response combinations exist and many have been developed with a high degree of repeatability. Some of the more common properties are listed in Table 9.1. 

Some examples of biologically relevant thin films are layers made by adsorbed proteins that are the precursors for cell attachment, bacterial films or biofilms, and coatings of minerals such as hydroxyapatite to enhance integration of the implants to bones. This section describes the evaluation of some of the biological attributes of such surface coatings. 

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