Ethanol effects

Glycine receptor function is modulated by alcohols and anesthetics [4]. Amino acid residue al(S267) is critical for alcohol potentiation, as mutation to small residues (Gly, Ala) enhance, and mutation to large residues (His, Cys, Tyr) diminish the ethanol effect. Glycine recqrtor modulation by Zn2+ involves structural determinants located within the large N-terminal domain. Additional glycinergic modulators include neuroactive steroids and the anthelmintic, ivermectin, which activates glycine receptors by a novel, strychnine-insensitive mechanism. 

Beckstead MJ, Phelan R, Mihic SJ Antagonism of inhalant and volatile anesthetic enhancement of glycine receptor function. J Biol Chem 276 24959-24964,2001 Beckstead MJ, Phelan R, Trudell JR, et al Anesthetic and ethanol effects on spontaneously opening glycine receptor channels. J Neurochem 82 1343-1351,... 

Ring D inversion seems to be a crucial step in biogenetic transformations of protoberberines to related alkaloids such as rhoeadine, retroprotoberberine, spirobenzylisoquinoline, and indenobenzazepine alkaloids. 8,14-Cyclober-bin-13-ol 478 derived from berberine (15) was successively treated with ethyl chloroformate, silver nitrate, and pyridinium dichromate (PDC) in dimethyl-formamide to give the keto oxazolidinone 479 (Scheme 98). Heating of 479 with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide in ethanol effected hydrolysis, retro-aldol reaction, cyclization, and dehydration to provide successfully the... 

Perez-Reyes M, Hicks RE, Bumberry J, Jeffcoat AR, Cook CE. (1988). Interaction between marihuana and ethanol effects on psychomotor performance. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 12(2) 268-76. 

Kuitunen, T. (1994) Drug and ethanol effects on the clinical test for drunkeness single doses of ethanol, hypnotic drugs, and antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Toxicol 75 91. 

The molecular basis of alcohol tolerance and dependence is not known with certainty, nor is it known whether the two phenomena reflect opposing effects on a shared molecular pathway. Tolerance may result from ethanol-induced up-regulation of a pathway in response to the continuous presence of ethanol. Dependence may result from overactivity of that same pathway after the ethanol effect dissipates and before the system has time to return to a normal ethanol-free state. 

Roache, J.D., Spiga, R., and Burt, D.B., Triazolam and ethanol effects on human matching-to-sample performance vary as a function of pattern size and discriminability, Drug Alcohol Depend., 32, 219, 1993. 

Aspen JM, Winger G (1997) Ethanol effects on selfadministration of alfentanil, cocaine, and nomifensine in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 130 222-227 Bergman J, Madras BK, Johnson SE, Spealman RD (1989) Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. III. Self-administration by squirrel monkeys. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 251 150-155... 

Nevertheless, the most studied ethanol effect is related to its capacity to modify solution polarity, thus altering the gas-liquid partition coefficient. An increase in ethanol content has been shown to decrease the activity coefficients of many volatile compounds in wine because of an increase in solubility (Voilley et al. 1991). Hartmann et al. (2002) showed a decrease in the recovery of 3-alkyl-methoxy-pyrazynes extracted with a divinylbenzene/carboxen SPME fibre from wine model systems when the ethanol content increased from 0% to 20%. Similarly, Whiton and Zoecklein (2000) reported that a small increase in ethanol content (from 11 % to 14%), in general, reduced the recovery of typical wine volatile compounds. Both of these studies suggest that increasing the alcohol content will reduce the release of volatile compounds from wines. 

Krill, S. L., Knutson, K. and Higuchi, W. I. Ethanol effects on the stratum comeum lipid phase behavior. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 7772(2) 273-280, 1992. 

Liu P, Higuchi WI, Song W, et al. Quantitative evaluation of ethanol effects on diffusion and metabolism of P-estradiol in hairless mouse skin. Pharm Res 1991 8(7) 865-872. 

Figure 8. Epoxy ester-2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol effect of voltage and solids...

The Sarett oxidation of atisine and isoatisine affords the conjugated enones atisinone (XLIV) and isoatisinone (XLV), respectively (23). Refluxing XLIV in methanol or ethanol effects a smooth isomerization to XLV, a reaction which parallels the facile atisine isoatisine isomerization (see Section V, A). The Sarett oxidation of atisine and isoatisine also gave rise to neutral by-products of interest (23). From atisine was obtained a compound assigned structure XVLI on the basis of spectroscopic evidence [v ax (Nujol) 3289, 3195, 3077, 1704, 1629, 1658 cm i Ash (EtOH) 228 mp. (e 7800) t9.05, 3H singlet (C—CH3), t4.12 and 4.84, 2H doublets (J =2 cps, C=CH2), t3.95, IH multiplet (-Nfl CO-)] and by... 

Drach and co-workers acylated 1640 (X = P(0)(0CH3)2) to afford 1644 in excellent yield. Refluxing 1644 in aqueous ethanol effected hydrolysis and recyclization to the 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles 1646, presumably via the A, A -diacyUiydrazide 1645 (Scheme 1.423). 

The main effects of the three factors are all negative. The temperature and flow rate main effects (1 and 3) are the most important, but the much smaller ethanol effect also seems significant. In all four comparisons of runs differing only in the ethanol level (1 3, 2 4, 5 7 and 6 8), the run performed at the higher level has a lower response value, as Fig. 3A.4 makes clear. If the main effect of alcohol (-4.54) is significant, then the 13 interaction (4.53) also is, and we should interpret the effects of temperature and flow rate together (Fig. 3A.5). 

Drake CL, Roehrs T, Turner L, Scofield HM, Roth T. Caffeine reversal of ethanol effects on die multiple sleep latency test, memory, and psychomotor performance. Neuropsychophar-macology (2003) 28, 371-8. 

Roth, W. Setnik, B. Zietsch, M. Burst, A. Breitenbach, J. Sellers, E. Brennan, D. Ethanol effects on drug release from Verapamil Meltrex , an innovative melt extruded formulation. Int. J. Pharm. 2009, 565(1-2), 72-75. 

---