Biogenic sources particles

Element Windbome Soil Particles Sea Salt Spray Volcanoes Forest Fires Biogenic Sources Total"... 

Vertical fluxes from biogenic sources and sinks 0 Urban and regional sources and sinks driven by human activity gas-to-particle conversion mechanisms... 

Primary OC is emitted mainly by combustion or combustion-related sources (e.g., resuspension of combustion particles) and is accompanied by EC, but there is generally also a noncombustion component mainly from biogenic sources ... 

Primary carbonaceous particles are produced by combustion (pyrogenic), chemical (commercial products), geologic (fossil fuels), and natural (biogenic) sources. Rogge et al. 

Let us define a two-box model for a steady-stafe ocean as shown in Fig. 10-22. The two well mixed reservoirs correspond to the surface ocean and deep oceans. We assume that rivers are the only source and sediments are the only sink. Elements are also removed from the surface box by biogenic particles (B). We also assume there is mixing between the two boxes that can be expressed as a velocity Vmix = 2 m/yr and that rivers input water to the surface box at a rate of Vnv = 0.1 m/yr. The resulting ratio of F mix/V riv is 20. 

Parallel (multidimensional) measurements of size- or chemically selected particles permit the simultaneous resolution of biogenic material from fossil sources (14C), discrimination between certain fossil sources and between marine and terrestrial vegetation (13C), and partial separation of agricultural burning sources (K/Fe). The term iMu represents the fraction of modern C based on standard Slk 813C represents the deviation (per mil) of the 13C/12C ratio from standard Sls (2). 

Mid-depth maxima are produced by mid-depth sources of metals. Some of these maxima are created by remineralization of detrital biogenic particles, such as seen in Figure 11.4f for cadmium. Others are caused by lateral transport of metals mobilized from coastal sediments as illustrated in Figure 11.17(a) for manganese. Mid-depth maxima can also result from hydrothermal emissions as shown in Figure 11.19 for Mn (aq) and He(g) at a site in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean. Hydrothermal fluids are emitted into the ocean from chimneys located atop the East Pacific Rise at water depths of about 2500 m. After entering the ocean, the Mn and He are entrained in subsurfece currents and... 

The composition and sources of particles are discussed in detail in Chapter 9. Major natural sources of particles include terrestrial dust caused by winds, sea spray, biogenic emissions, volcanic eruptions, and wild-... 

---