Biogenic amines concentrations level

Table 6A.1 Average biogenic amine concentrations (mg/L) for different levels of vintage, pectolytic enzymes, aging on lees, maceration time and bacteria inoculation (from Martin-Alvarez et al. 2006, with permission)... 

Schulpis KH, Tjamouranis J, Karikas GA, Michelakakis H, Tsakiris S. In vivo effects of high phenylalanine blood levels on Na+, K+-ATPase, Mg -ATPase activities and biogenic amine concentrations in phenylketonuria. Clin Biochem 2002 35 281-285. 

The prevalence of biogenic amines in fish depends on several factors. In general, concentrations in newly caught fish are low. Mietz and Karmas (1978) found that cadaverine values ranged from 0.116 to 1.036 mg per 100 g in high-quality rockfish, salmon steaks, and shrimp and that putrescine levels were... 

Ripened cheeses contain higher average concentrations of amines than do unripened cheeses, a difference that could be related to processing (Martelli et ah, 1993 Schneller et al., 1997). Casein proteolysis that occurs during cheese manufacture may result in an increased level of free amino acids. These amino acids are then decarboxylated, resulting in the formation of biogenic amines. A... 

Biogenic amines are commonly found in fermented meats. Histamine poisoning has not been associated with this type of product, however histamine has been found at low levels in some fermented meats (Dierick et al., 1974 Taylor et al., 1978 Vidal et al., 1990 Shalaby, 1993 Maijala et al., 1993). The most common amine found in fermented meats is tyramine (Trevino et al., 1997 Eerola et al., 1998), which is found at higher concentrations than other amines. The toxic level of biogenic amines is 100 mg per 100 g of product (Arnold et al., 1978). Taylor et al. (1978) and Vandekerckhove (1977) found amounts of histamine up to 55 mg per 100 g, putrescine up to 40 mg per 100 g, cadaverine up to 5.6 mg per 100 g, tyramine up to 151 mg per 100 g, and p-phenylethylamine up to 6.1 mg per 100 g in dry sausage. Table 6.9 lists the... 

The metabolism of amino acids does not affect the taste, but is problematic at a toxicological level, because it increases the concentrations of biogenic amines and ethyl carbamate precursors in wine. 

After initial contradictory reports it is now established that arsenic can cross the blood-brain barrier and produces alternations in whole rat brain biogenic amines levels in animals chronically exposed to arsenite (Tripathi et al, 1997). The neurological effects are many and varied. Usually, peripheral neuropathy, sensory neuropathy (Hafeman et al, 2005), and encephalopathy are the initial complaints associated with acute arsenic poisoning. Acute exposure to arsenic in humans has been shown to result in problems of memory, difficulties in concentration, mental confusion, and anxiety (Hall, 2002 Rodriguez et al, 2003). Other neurological symptoms arising due to arsenic are primarily those of a peripheral sensory neuritis, predominantly numbness, severe paresthesia of the distal portion of the extremities, diminished sense of touch, pain, heat and cold, and symmetrically reduced muscle power (Menkes, 1997). 

Connolly (1966) has selectively bred Drosophila for level of spontaneous locomotor activity. The directional selection imposed resulted in an extremely inactive line and a highly active one. It has been established by Connolly (1967) that the principal phenotypic difference between the strains was spontaneous activity and not reactivity to environmental stimuli. The genetic system involved in the expression of phenotype is polygenic and the character has a heritability of 0.51 + 0.10. The concentrations of biogenic amines were assayed in the two selected strains and in an unselected, control strain (Tunnicliff et al., 1969). Dopamine concentrations were maximal in the inactive line and lowest in the active, the control strain having an intermediate dopamine... 

At the present time, research on copper amine oxidases revolves more and more around the elucidation of their physiological role. The enzymes of plant origin especially are subjected to intensive study on the interface between biochemistry and plant physiology since they are suspected of playing a key role in essential metabolic pathways in plants [1,7]. At the molecular level, the enzymes affect the concentration of biogenic amines in plant cell. It has been shown that the amines and the products of their catabolism participate in such delicate processes as cell division and... 

Since morphine releases histamine from central stores [292] and chronic administration of histamine alters brain catecholamine levels [300], it has also been proposed that opiate-induced changes in central concentrations or tissue levels of other biogenic amines may be initiated by decreases in brain histamine [295], Whilst a role for brain histamine has yet to be determined in the antinociceptive effects of the narcotic analgesics, this amine may interact with one or more other amines to subserve the antinociceptive, tolerance and physical dependence effects of morphine-like agents. 

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