Biocompatibility medical applications

See also Luminescent dendrimers antibacterial, 26 799 biocompatibility studies of, 26 800-801 in catalysis, 26 805-806 in cell targeting, 26 797-798 as chelators, 26 806-807 core and interior shells of, 26 789 cytotoxicity of, 26 800-801 in drug delivery, 26 792-795 in gene transfection, 26 791-792 as imaging agents, 26 795-797 luminescent, 26 801-804 medical applications of, 26 791-801 micelle-mimetic behavior of, 26 789 multiphoton applications of, 26 803-804... 

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is a water soluble polyhidroxy polymer, is one of the widely used synthetic polymers for a variety of medical applications [197] because of easy preparation, excellent chemical resistance, and physical properties. [198] But it has poor stability in water because of its highly hydrophilic character. Therefore, to overcome this problem PVA should be insolubilized by copolymerization [43], grafting [199], crosslinking [200], and blending [201], These processes may lead a decrease in the hydrophilic character of PVA. Because of this reason these processes should be carried out in the presence of hydrophilic polymers. Polyfyinyl pyrrolidone), PVP, is one of the hydrophilic, biocompatible polymer and it is used in many biomedical applications [202] and separation processes to increase the hydrophilic character of the blended polymeric materials [203,204], An important factor in the development of new materials based on polymeric blends is the miscibility between the polymers in the mixture, because the degree of miscibility is directly related to the final properties of polymeric blends [205],... 

In addition to the functional tests common to any application, the TPEs that are proposed for medical applications must satisfy certain specific tests of biocompatibility and aptitude for sterilization. 

The demonstration of the potential of this stable and obviously excellently tolerated compound has inspired a great number of scientists to develop PFCLs as special tools for medical applications and to introduce therapies using the outstanding behaviours of PFCLs, like the well-known concepts of complete and partial liquid ventilation [4], oxygen support of the skin, wound treatment [5], artificial tears [6], and ocular endotamponade media [1], to name only a few. Until now, the mouse submersed in PFCLs is often used as an eye-catcher for the demonstration of the biocompatibility of PFCLs even in cases where the topic of the presentation is not reflected by this experiment. 

Elastomers based on PTMEG have excellent microbial and fungus resistance. Their hydrolytic stability make these elastomers prime candidates for use in ground-contact applications, for example, as jacketing material for buried cables. Because of their good biocompatibility, they have also found uses in medical applications, such as catheter tubing. 

Medical applications of membranes Artificial kidneys Artificial lungs Controlled drug delivery Well-established processes. Still the focus of research to improve performance, for example, improving biocompatibility... 

In addition to dense monolithic ceramics, porous silicon nitrides are gaining more importance in technological applications [24], Some porous silicon nitrides with high specific surface area have already been applied as catalysis supports, hot gas filters and biomaterials [25], There is an emerging tendency to facilitate silicon nitride as biomaterial, because of specific mechanical properties that are important for medical applications [25], Moreover, in a recent study it was shown that silicon nitride is a non-toxic, biocompatible ceramic which has the ability to propagate human bone cells in vitro [25], Bioglass and silicon nitride composites have already been realized to combine... 

Polyethylene oxide) (PEO) is a semicrystalline water-soluble polymer [64, 65], with a crystallinity that is very sensitive to the thermal history of the sample, making this property interesting as an indicator of degradation. Because it is biodegradable and biocompatible, PEO is a good candidate for environmental and medical applications [66-68]. The mechanisms of thermo- and photo-oxidation of PEO have already been investigated [69, 70] on the basis of IR identification of the oxidation products and are summarized in Scheme 10.1. 

Nodax has superior biocompatibility compared to other bioresorbable plastics, which makes the material suitable for some medical applications such as drug release, bone regeneration, and nerve guidance. 

No single consumable electrode is ideal for all iontophoretic applications. Different materials meet different capacity needs, and because consumable electrodes consist of chemically reactive species, certain materials may be compatible with certain drugs or excipients but not all of them. The most popular electrodes are based on the silver/silver chloride redox couple. Silver and silver chloride have several advantageous characteristics They are biocompatible, perform well, and have an established history of use in medical applications including sensing electrodes. 

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