Biochemical engineering batch

Producing the kilograms of tPA necessary to satisfy the world s therapeutic needs requires the special skills possessed by modern biochemical engineers. Sophisticated engineering of the fermentation vessels, culturing conditions, and media compositions is required to culture thousands of liters of mammalian cells. In addition, new extremes of purity must be achieved in order to assure the safety of proteins derived from mammalian cells. The cost of the starting materials and the capacity constraints of the present-day equipment require that yields from each fermentation batch be as high as possible. 

A number of examples from biochemical engineering are presented in this chapter. The mathematical models are either algebraic or differential and they cover a wide area of topics. These models are often employed in biochemical engineering for the development of bioreactor models for the production of bio-pharmaceuticals or in the environmental engineering field. In this chapter we have also included an example dealing with the determination of the average specific production rate from batch and continuous runs. 

The process we wish to consider is one in which a primary chemical species is modified by reaction with a number of secondary species Aat,. . . Ai in succession. These secondary species have to be prepared specially for the appropriate stage of the process and must be available at the right time otherwise the whole process is rendered valueless. Such unstable preparations are not uncommon in biochemical engineering. If the preparation of A , n = 1,. .. A, is subject to random failure, the preparation of more than one batch of it will increase the probability of its being available at the right time. However, this must be carefully balanced against the increased cost of these extra preparations and a problem of optimal specification arises. The system is illustrated in Fig. 8.1 r denotes the number of batches of A that are prepared. 

Because of their predictive capabilities, models are also essential tools in modem biochemical engineering for the design of processes and the optimization of media and reactor operational parameters in batch or continuous operation. They can also serve in the development of software sensors to estimate on-line the time variation of the medium composition. 

Facchin, V., Cavinato, C., Fatone, F, Pavan, P, Cecchi, F, Bolzonella, D. (2013). Effect of trace element supplementation on the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of foodwaste in batch trials the influence of inoculum origin. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 70, 71-77. 

LIN Y H, CHANG F L, TSAO c Y and LEU J Y (2007) Influence of growth phase and nutrient source on fatty acid composition of Isochrysis galbana CCMP1324 in a batch photoreactor. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 37,166-176. 

We revisit the different types of models which are essential in model development for the different chemical/biochemical engineering processes. Batch processes are usually of the isolated- or closed-system type, whereas the continuous processes are almost always of the open-system type. 

Batch reactor for the production of antibiotics by fermentation. Reprinted from S. Aiba, A.E. Humphrey and N.F. Milis, Biochemical Engineering , 2nd Ed., University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1973 and from J.E. Bailey and D.F. Ollis, Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals , McGraw Hill, New York, 1986. 

H. Shimizu, S. Sonoo, S. Shioya and K. Suga, Production of poly-3-hydroxybuteric acid (PHB) by Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 in fed batch culture. In Biochemical Engineering for 2001, Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Conference, Furusaki et al. (eds). Springer, Tokyo, 1992, p. 195. 

Song, H., Eom, M.-H., Lee, S., Lee, J., Cho, J.-H., Seung, D., 2010. Modeling of batch experimental kinetics and appK-cation to fed-batch fermentation of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for enhanced butyric add production. Biochemical Engineering Journal 53 (1), 71-76. 

De la Rubia, M.A., Femandez-Cegri, V., Raposo, F., Boqa, R., 2011. Influence of particle size and chemical composition on the performance and kinetics of anaerobic digestion process of sunflower oil cake in batch mode. Biochemical Engineering Journal 58—59, 162—167. 

Tietjen, K. G. Hunkier, D. Matem, U. "Differential Response of Cultured Parsley Cells to Elicitors from Two Non-pathogenic Strains of Fungi, 1. Identification of Induced Products as Coumarin Derivatives" Eur. ]. Biochem. 1983,131, pp 401-407. Devereux, N. Hoare, M. Duimill, P. "Membrane Separation of Protein Precipitates Unstirred Batch Studies" Biotech, and Bioeng. 1986, 28, pp 88-96. Mateus, M. Cabral, J. M. S. "Recovery of 6-a-methylprednisolone from biotransformation medium by tangential flow filtration" In Bioprocess Engineering. 1989, Springer Verlag, (in press). 

Biological reactions that involve microorganisms and enzyme catalysts are pervasive and play a crucial role in the natural world. Without such bioreactions, plant and animal life as we know it simply could not exist. Bioreactions also provide the basis for production of a wide variety of pharmaceuticals and healthcare and food products. Other important industrial processes that involve bioreactions include fermentation and wastewater treatment. Chemical engineers are heavily involved with biochemical and biomedical processes. In this section we present a dynamic model for a representative process, a bioreactor operated in a semi-batch mode. Additional biochemical and biomedical applications appear in other chapters. 

Lin CSK, Du CY, Koutinas A, Wang R, Webb C (2008) Substrate and product inhibition kinetics in succinic acid production hy Actinobacillus succinogenes. Biochem Eng J 41 128-135 Lin H, Bennett GN, San KY (2005) Fed-batch culture of a metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strain designed for high-level succinate production and yield under aerobic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 90 775-779... 

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