Bioapplications

The potentialities of magnetic nanopartides in the biomedical field are now well established [45,46]. In vivo, these applications take advantage of three properties of these magnetic colloids (i) their field-induced mobility, which can be used for 

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In the next section, we will highlight recent developments in the engineering of mesoporous and macroporous substrates via the LbL procedure to produce porous, hybrid materials for various bioapplications. 

B. Zhou, and Y.-P. Sun, Advances toward bioapplications of carbon nanotubes, J. Mater. Chem., 14 (2004) 527-541. 

Inorganic particles are used extensively in various bioapplications, too. Gold nanoparticles long have been used as detection labels for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and lateral flow diagnostic testing. These dark, dense particles provide single particle detection capability... 

Perhaps the most common particle type used for bioapplications is the polymeric microsphere or nanosphere, which consists basically of a spherical, nonporous, hard particle made up of long, entwined linear or crosslinked polymers. Creation of these particles typically involves an emulsion polymerization process that uses vinyl monomers, sometimes in the presence of... 

The use of silica particles in bioapplications began with the publication by Stober et al. in 1968 on the preparation of monodisperse nanoparticles and microparticles from a silica alkoxide monomer (e.g., tetraethyl orthosilicate or TEOS). Subsequently, in the 1970s, silane modification techniques provided silica surface treatments that eliminated the nonspecific binding potential of raw silica for biomolecules (Regnier and Noel, 1976). Derivatization of silica with hydrophilic, hydroxylic silane compounds thoroughly passivated the surface and made possible the use of both porous and nonporous silica particles in all areas of bioapplications (Schiel et al., 2006). 

Silica particles have been exploited in virtually every assay or detection strategy that polymer particles have been used in for bioapplication purposes. Recently, fluorescent dye-doped silica nanoparticles have been developed by a number of groups that have similar fluorescence characteristics to quantum dot nanocrystals (Chapter 9, Section 10). Fluorescent silica nanoparticles can be synthesized less expensively than quantum dots due to the fact that the silica particles incorporate standard organic dyes (Ow et al., 2005 Wang et al., 2006) and are not dependent on making reproducible populations of semiconductor particles with precise diameters to tune emission wavelengths. 

Eichman, J.D., Bielinska, A.U., Kukowska-Latallo, J.F., Donovan, B.W., and Baker Jr., J.R. (2001) Bioapplications of PAMAM dendrimers in dendrimers and other dendritic polymers. In Wiley Series in Polymer Science (M.J. Frechet, and D.A. Tomalia, eds.), pp. 441M61. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, UK. 

Although CNTs can be excreted and could be cleared from the body, the bioapplications of CNTs is somewhat limited because they are not biodegradable (Harrison and Atala, 2007). The wide size distribution of CNTs as well as the difficulty in controlling distribution between bundled CNT aggregates and individual tubes can significantly affect biodistribution, targetability, and drug release from... 

Hodges, G M., Southgate, J, and Toulson, E. C (1987) Colloidal gold-a powerful tool in S E. M. immunocytochemistry an overview of bioapplications. Scanning Electron Microscopy 1, 301—318. 

Ottenbrite, R. M., Huang, S. J., and Park, K, eds., Hydrogels and Biodegradable Polymers for Bioapplications, 208th Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, August 21-26, 1994. 

Park, H. and Park, K. Hydrogels in Bioapplications. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 627, Washington, D.C. 1996. 

Bioapplications of Smart Polymer Surfaces 4.1 Antifouling Surfaces... 

The universal character of the LbL method has catalyzed the introduction of the method for a wide range of bioapplications. Proteins (enzymes) [30-33], polypeptides [34], polysaccharides [35], lipids [36, 37], nucleic acids [38-42], viruses [43], inorganic particles, and crystals [44] have been embedded in the films. Use of these compounds makes the films attractive for biorelated applications such as biosensors, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biocoatings. Biological [45, 46] and nonbio-logical [21, 47 19] applications of LbL films are reviewed in the literature. 

The remote release of encapsulated materials is desired for bioapplications in order to minimize drug toxicity, to control the properties of biosurfaces and interfaces, and to study intracellular processes [132], Remote release can be more convenient for a patient because external stimuli like a magnetic field, light, and ultrasound are... 

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