Bioalcohols

The complete elimination of functional groups is often an undesirable side reaction in organic synthesis, but on the other hand it is a possibility for the recycling of environmentally harmful compounds, for example phenols and haloarenes such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs or dioxins ). For example, aryl chlorides can be effectively dechlorinated with Pd(0) NPs in tetra-butylammonium salts with almost quantitative conversions also after 19 runs (entry H, Table 1.4) [96]. On the other hand, a C-0 bond cleavage reaction also seems suitable for the fragmentation of sugar-based biomass such as cellulose or cello-biose in that way, sugar monomers and bioalcohol can be derived from renewable resources (entry F, Table 1.4) [164]. 

First generation biofuels Sugar, starch, vegetable oils, or animal fats Bioalcohols, vegetable oil. Biodiesel, biosyngas, biogas... 

Second generation biofuels Non-food crops, wheat straw, com, wood, solid waste, energy crop Bioalcohols, bio-oil, bio-DMF, Biohydrogen, bio-Fischer-Tropsch diesel, wood diesel... 

The alcohols that can be used for motor fuels are methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol (C3H7OH), and butanol (C4H,OH). However only the first two of the alcohols are technically and economically suitable as fuels for internal combustion engines (ICEs). Main conunercial bioalcohols from renewable feedstocks are bioethanol and biomethanol in the world s energy market. 

Example 65 the phosphorylation of bioalcohols according to the methodology developed by Stec and his associates uses 2-N,Ar-diisopropylamino-1,3,2-oxathiaphospholane [105]. 

Development ofother fuels for feeding fuel cells (natural gas, methanol, bioalcohols, oil fractions etc.) relative to profitable and clean production, purification and infrastructure development. 

Bioalcohol production Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass... 

Recent studies have demonstrated the use of oleic acid as an efficient substrate for production of biodiesel by esterification using lipase. Mulalee et al. (2013) studied the production of biodiesel from oleic acid and bioalcohols (ethanol and butanol) using immobilized lipase (Novozym 435) as biocatalyst in a batch esterification process. The optimal conditions were 45 C, oleic acid to alcohol molar ratio of 1 2, Novozym 435 loading at 5% based on oleic acid weight and 250 rpm, in which the free fatty acid conversion at 91.0% was obtained after 12 hours of the reaction. 

Mulalee, S Chanprasert, J Kerdpoksup, P Sawangpanya, NS Phisalaphong, MKM. Esterification of oleic acid and bioalcohols using immobilized lipase, 2013. v. 724-725, 1154-1157. 

Liquid biofuel is usually bioalcohol such as ethanol and biodiesel and virgin vegetable oils. E85 is a fuel composed of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that is currently being sold to consumers in the United States. The European Union plans to add 5% bioethanol to Europe s petrol by 2010. 

This chapter is devoted to the Ha production by steam reforming of bioalcohols and a specific attention will be paid to the interest of using perovskite-derived catalysts for this reaction. 

Weber, C., Farwick, A., Benisch, F., Brat, D., Dietz, H., Subtil, T, Boles, E. Trends and challenges in the microbial production of lignoceUulosic bioalcohol fuels. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010, 87,1303-1315. 

Other biofuels with less significant impact and diffusion include biogas, other bioalcohols (eg, biomethanol, biobutanol, etc.), firewood, vegetable oil, bioethers, dried manure, and agricultural waste (Guo et al., 2015). 

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