Bioactive nanoparticles

Nanosilica composed of bioactive nanoparticles can affect the RBC state up to strong hemolysis (erythrolysis) at relatively low concentration of silica C>0.1 wt% (Diociaiuti et al. 1999, Gerashchenko et al. 2002, Blitz and Gun ko 2006). The hemolytic effect of nanosilica can be reduced due to its modification by immobilized polymers (e.g., poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol)) or on the use of binary nanooxides such as silica/alumina and silica/titania (Blitz and Gun ko 2006). 

If synthesis is carried out under basic conditions (Stober process [26]), spherical bioactive nanoparticles and submicron particles can be formed... 

Olbrich, C., Kayser, O., Muller, R.H., and Grubhofer, N., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as vaccine adjuvant study in sheep with a mycoplasma bovis antigen and stability testing, International Symposium of Controlled Release and Bioactive Material, 2000, 27, 293-294. 

Glucose oxidase (GOD) is a typical flavin enzyme with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as redox prosthetic group. Its biological function is to catalyze glucose to form gluconolaction, while the enzyme itself is turned from GOD(FAD) to GOD(FADH2). GOD was used to prepare biosensors in extensive fields. Many materials that can be used to immobilize other proteins can be suitable for GOD. GOD adsorbed on CdS nanoparticles maintained its bioactivity and structure, and could electrocatalyze... 

Possibly relevant to be added to data base in vitro bioassay general toxicity (extract) in vitro bioassay thyroid hormone disruption (extract) (incl. bioactivation) in vitro estrogenicity or androgenicity (extract) Chemicals that only are toxic in high concentration (narcotics, nanoparticles) Chemical analysis of lipophillic POPs in water... 

To be added in cases of indications for relevance Specific genomics biomarkers In vitro bioassays wifii bioactivation In vivo bioassays wifii local sediment extracts Local PAF or msPAF validation Body burden toxic compound Pharmaceuticals Black Box gene arrays Nanoparticles POPs in water Narcotic effects... 

Pal A (2004) Photochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles via controlled nucleation using a bioactive molecule. Mater Lett 58 529-534... 

Jain et al. (33) used the microemulsion system Triton X-100/cyclo-hexane/hexanol/water/ammonia to prepare silica nanoparticles with entrapped bioactive macromolecules fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-Dx) (mol. mass 19.6 kD), [125I]tyraminylinulin (mol. mass 5 kD), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (mol. mass 40 kD). The biomolecules were first solubilized in the microemulsion, and the alkoxide (TMOS) was then added. To ensure small particle sizes, the reaction was conducted under ice-cold temperatures (in a refrigerator for 72 h). 

Semenova M.G., Belyakova, L.E., Polikarpov, Yu.N., Antipova, A.S., Anokhina, M.S. (2008). Utilization of sodium caseinate nanoparticles as molecular nanocontainers for delivery of bioactive lipids to food systems relationship to the retention and controlled release of phospholipids in the simulated digestion conditions. In Williams, P.A., Phillips, G.O. (Eds). Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry 14, Cambridge, UK Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 326-333. 

Incorporation of bioactive ingredients into lipid (micellar) or polymeric nanoparticles (1-1000 nm)... 

These nanoparticles can interact cell-type-specifically with viable human cells [307]. The functional groups are accessible to subsequently covalent fixation of bioactive molecules such as oligonucleotide (Fig. 41). Such oligonucleotide-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles can be taken up intra-cellularely by endocytosis [308]. 

Nanoparticles are well suited for construction of third generation enzyme biosensors that rely on the direct electron transfer between redox centers buried within the protein and electrodes. The small size of the particles provides ideal environments for contacting redox centers with little loss of bioactivity, while the conductive nature of the metal particles facilitates communication with the underlying electrode by providing a means of electron shuttling. 

Developments in nanotechnology and control over the self-assembly behavior of components is expected to provide new insights into delivery of bioactives (Mezzenga et al. 2005 Chen et al., 2006 Sanguansri and Augustin 2006b). The development of nanoparticles with different size and structure is expected to provide a new generation of encapsulated bioactives, (Moraru et al. 2003). 

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