Bio-processes

In the recent years, many researchers have devoted attention to the development of membrane science and technology. Different important types of membranes, such as these for nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, separation of gases and inorganic membranes, facilitated or liquid membranes, catalytic and conducting membranes, and their applications and processes, such as wastewater purification and bio-processing have been developed [303], In fact, almost 40 % of the sales from membrane production market are for purifying wastewaters. 

O. Bernard, D. Dochain, A. Genovesi, A. Punal, D. Perez-Alvarino, J.P. Steyer, and J. Lema. Software sensor design for an anaerobic wastewater treatment plant. In IFAC-Intemational Workshop on Decision and Control in Waste Bio-Processing, Narbonne, Prance, 1998. 

M. Zlokarnik. Dimensional Analysis, Scale-Up. In Encyclopedia of Bio process Technology Fermentation, Biocatalysis, Bioseparation. Vol. 2, 840-861. (M.C. Flickinger and S. W. Drew, eds.) Wiley, 1999. 

Kessler, H.G. 2002. Food and Bio Process Engineering - Dairy Technology, pp. 385 424, A. Kessler, Mtinchen. 

Yachmenev, V. G., Bertoniere, N. R., and Blanchard, E. J. 2002. Intensification of the bio-processing of cotton textiles by combined enzyme/ultrasound treatment. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 77, 559-567. 

L. P. Christensen M. Edelenbos S. Kreutzmann, Fruits and Vegetables of Moderate Climate. In Flavours and Fragrances Chemistry, Bio processing and Sustainability R. G. Berger, Ed. Springer-Verlag Berlin, 2007 pp 135-187. 

Penicillin G as well as approx. 4 kt a-1 of penicillin V are enzymatically hydrolyzed into the -lactam nucleus 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), which is the building block for the semisynthetic penicillin antibiotics ampicillin and amoxycillin [121] (see Fig. 8.23). Part of the penicillin G is converted into 7-aminodesa-cetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA, 3 kt a-1), which is the intermediate for the semisynthetic cephalosporins cephalexin and cefadroxil [122]. 7-ADCA has traditionally been produced from penicillin G via a chemical ring expansion but an all-bio process has recently been started up by DSM. 

Fig. 8.26 An all-bio process for 7-ADCA biosynthesis of adipyl-7-ADCA in a recombinant P. chrysogenum and enzymatic hydrolysis of the adipyl group.

Gonzalez, M. Materials of construction for biopharmaceutical systems. ASME Bio Process Seminar, San Juan, PR, Jan... 

In other words, biocatalysis should be not considered by itself but integrated in the whole bio-process (Figure 2.16a). Substantially increased emphasis on biocatalyst development is an important goal for chemistry-related industries, even if biocatalysts carmot reach their potential without a concerted eflfort on the parallel development of other components of bioprocessing, as well as an integration with... 

KB Konstantinov and T Yoshida. Real-time qualitative analysis of the temporal shapes of (bio)process variables. AIChE J., 38(11) 1703-1715, 1992. 

The environmental considerations for the biotechnological process are also important. A comparison of the waste stream (Fig. 2) from the bio-process with that from the Lonza chemical synthesis [5] showed that the amount of waste water, total organic carbon (TOC), salts, and waste for incineration were all considerably lower for the bio-process [6],... 

The concept of modern biotechnology as an amalgamation of genetic engineering and (bio) process engineering has become a tradition in Swiss... 

Birse D, Lacroix D, Dyck M, et al. Biotherapeutics from Transgenic Porcine Sources Bioprocessing Approaches and Challenges. Bio-Processing J., 2004 March/April 37-44. 

The process itself needs to be defined in detail All the relevant process information must be described and documented. Technology transfer of chemical processes is rather simple compared to biotech processes due to well-understood, robust and predictable chemical reactions. In contrast, technology transfers of bio-processes often cause difficulties due to the lack of process understand-ing/information. These areas, where process knowledge is rather limited, also... 

Neway JO. How the data ecosystem affects process development and the bottom line. Bio-Process Int 2004, 2(5) 82-91. 

Fig. 1.4 From murine to human antibodies. (Figure courtesy of Steven Chamow, Bio Process...

The commercial success of r DNA and cell fusion technologies is dependent on advances in "bio-process engineering". Most industrial biological syntheses are carried out on a batch scale, with a small amount of product recovered from large quantities of water, cellular components, nutrients, and wastes. It is in this... 

Both the conventional and bio-processes involve the same reaction. In Table 4-3 are given some details of each process for comparison ... 

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