Angiotensin inhibition

However, it is also the major reason for the adverse side effects of ACE inhibitors, namely cough and angio-oedema. Another observed side effect, first-dose orthostatic hypotension, is probably due to both angiotensin inhibition and kinin potentiation. 

Kakinuma Y, Kawamura T, Bills T et al. (1992) Blood pressure-independent effect of angiotensin inhibition on vascular lesions of chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 42 46-55 Kimura M, Suzuki T, Hishida A (1999) A rat model of progressive renal failure produced by microembolism. Am J Pathol 155 1371-1380... 

Tse KC, Lam MF,Tang SC, Tang CS, Chan TM. A pilot study on tacrolimus treatment in membranous or quiescent lupus nephritis with proteinuria resistant to angiotensin inhibition or blockade. Lupus 2007 16 46-51. 

Glucocorticoids have been shown to inhibit gene transcription of other proteins involved in the inflammatory process, including the key inflammation mediators called cytokines (IL-1, IL3—6, IL8, GM-CSF, TNFa) (10,58,63—65). Steroids have been also shown to suppress the formation of cytokine receptors (10) dexamethasone, in particular, downregulates gene transcription of angiotensin II type 2 receptors (66). 

ANPs play an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis by counterbalancing the renin—angiotensin (RAS) system. ANP, the main circulating form of the natriuretic peptides, effectively relaxes vascular smooth muscle, promotes the excretion of sodium and water, and in the CNS inhibits vasopressin release and antagonizes AT-II induced thirst. 

ACE not only activates angiotensin but is also involved in the metabolism of other peptides, e.g., it is a major kinin-degrading enzyme. Therefore, ACE inhibitors also increase kinin concentrations. Furthermore, it has recently been shown that these drugs potentiate kinin effects by modulating a direct interaction between the ACE protein and the kinin B2 receptor, which is independent from the enzymatic activity of ACE. Kinin potentiation may be involved in the beneficial action of ACE inhibition since kinins are known to exert cardio- and renoprotective actions. 

Adrenal Inhibition of angiotensin II stimulated aldosterone release... 

Lasser EC, Lyon SG Inhibition of angiotensin-con-verting enzyme by contrast media. I. In vitro findings. Invest Radiol 1990 25 698-702. TO... 

Chymostatin-sensitive Il-generating enzyme Carvedilol Post-Infarct Survival Control in Left Ventricular Dysfunction Trial Collaborative Study Captopril Trial ( The Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Diabetic Nephropathy ) calcium channel blocking agents Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Morbidity and Mortality Trial congestive heart failure, but the latest recommendations use HF for heart failure chronic kidney disease cardiac output... 

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