Behavioral plasticity

In light of the many types of behavior plastics that can manifest and the considerable effect this behavior can have on the performance of the finished product, it behooves designers to become familiar with specific behavior characteristics of each plastic considered for an application. Recognize potential problems. A major cause for problems is not of poor product design but instead that the processes operated outside of their required operating window. This subject will be reviewed latter in this Chapter under PROCESS CONTROL... 

Berger S, Wolfer DP, Selbach O et al (2006) Loss of the limbic mineralocorticoid receptor impairs behavioral plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 195-200... 

There is a common belief among biologists that the detailed mechanisms of behavioral plasticity constitute a major remaining frontier in our understanding of living systems. Certainly it is at this time the most obscure frontier and, accordingly, hypotheses run rampant. ... 

Taken together, this body of work demonstrates that adult behavioral responses to social odors are shaped by early olfactory experience. Indeed, heterospecific or artificial odor cues associated with the rearing environment acquire attractive properties that can last into adulthood in many rodent species. Furthermore, early experience with opposite-sex odors appears to be critical for the normal development of appropriate behavioral responses to sexual odors in mice and hamsters. Importantly, the behavioral plasticity observed using these different experimental approaches may all be mediated by a classical conditioning model of olfactory learning. The experience-dependent development of odor preference in rodents therefore provides a powerful model for understanding how the olfactory system recognizes and learns the salience of social odors, a function that is critical for the appropriate expression of reproductive behavior. 

The specific material properties of most import to the compaction operation are elastic deformation behavior, plastic deformation behavior, and viscoelastic properties. These are also referred to as mechanisms of deformation. As mentioned earlier, they are equally important during compression and decompression i.e., the application of the compressional load to form the tablet, and the removal of the compressional load to allow tablet ejection. Elastic recovery during this decompression stage can result in tablet capping and lamination. 

Trujillo, K. A. Are NMDA receptors involved in opiate-induced neural and behavioral plasticity A review of preclinical studies, Psychopharmacology 2000, 151, 121-141. 

Pulipparacharuvil, S., Renthal, W., Hale, C. F., Taniguchi, M., Xiao, G., et al. (2008) Cocaine regulates MEF2 to control synaptic and behavioral plasticity. Neuron 59, 621-633. 

Nestler EJ, Kelz MB, Chen J (1999) DeltaFosB a molecular mediator of long-term neural and behavioral plasticity. Brain Res 55 10-17. 

Bushmann PJ (1999) Concurrent signals and behavioral plasticity in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) courtship. Biol Bull 197 63-71... 

Hazlett BA (1995) Behavioral plasticity in crustacean why not more J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 193 57-66... 

There are physical interactions between the individual macromolecules that constitute a plastic material, just as there are between the molecules of a low molecular weight compound. These physical interactions are responsible for cohesion and related properties such as strength, hardness, and softening behavior. Plastics that consist of linear threadlike molecules (several hundred nanometers (nm) long and a few tenths of a nanometer in diameter) (1 nm = 10 m = 10 A = 10 mm), i.e., of macromolecules, that are not strongly crosslinked can usually be softened on heating. In many cases they melt. Thus, when a polymeric material is heated above a certain... 

In order to supplement micro-mechanical investigations and advance knowledge of the fracture process, micro-mechanical measurements in the deformation zone are required to determine local stresses and strains. In RTFs craze zones can develop that are important microscopic features around a crack tip governing strength behavior. Plastics fracture is preceded by the formation of a craze zone that is a wedge shaped region spanned by oriented micro-fibrils. Methods of craze zone measurements include optical emission spectroscopy, diffraction techniques, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. 

Unfortunately, Hooke s Law does not accurately enough reflect the stress-strain behavior of plastics parts and is a poor guide to good successful design. Assuming that plastics obey Hookean based deformation relationships is a practical guarantee of failure of the part. What will be developed in this chapter is a similar type of basic relationship that describes the behavior of plastics when subjected to load that can be used to modify the deformation equations and predict the performance of a plastics part. UnUke the materials that have been used which exhibit essentially elastic behavior, plastics require that even the simplest analysis take into account the effects of... 

From taking force curves at different defined maximum forces, we obtained the dependence of the deformation on the applied force (Fig. 7c). For deformations smaller than the shell thickness, the approaching and retracting curves were almost congruent and linear, indicating a fully reversible behavior. Plastic deformations could be excluded. In this case, the Young s modulus E is given by the thin shell model [46]. 

Resin—resin is a term used within the plastics industry to describe plastic materials. It is often used interchangeably with the word plastic, but it specifically describes the material itself, whereas the word plastic can describe not only the material, but also engineering behavior (plastics deformation, etc.). 

RUIZ-GOMEZ, M. D., KITTILSEN, S., HOGLUND, E., HUNTINGFORD, F. A., SORENSEN, C., POT-TINGER, T. G., BAKKEN, M., WINBERG, s., KORZAN, w. J. ovERU, o. (2008). Behavioral plasticity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with divergent coping styles when doves become hawks. Hormones and Behaviour. 54,534-538. 

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